Editing Philippines (section)

=== Art and architecture ===
{{Main|Arts in the Philippines|Architecture of the Philippines}}
[[File:'Spoliarium' by Juan Luna.jpg|thumb|alt=Painting of dying gladiators|[[Juan Luna]]'s ''[[Spoliarium]]'' (1884) at the [[National Museum of the Philippines]]]]

Philippine art combines indigenous folk art, east-Asian and [[Classical art|Classical traditions]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Panizo |first1=Alfredo |last2=Rustia |first2=Erlinda F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y86zdJE87TsC |title=Introduction to Art Appreciation and Aesthetics: An Approach to the Humanities |publisher=[[REX Book Store, Inc.]] |location=Manila, Philippines |isbn=978-971-23-1932-7 |date=1969 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Y86zdJE87TsC&pg=PA156 156] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="McFerson-2002">{{cite book |editor-last1=McFerson |editor-first1=Hazel M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7FPLWmaGQpEC |title=Mixed Blessing: The Impact of the American Colonial Experience on Politics and Society in the Philippines |date=2002 |publisher=[[Greenwood Press]] |location=Westport, Conn. |isbn=978-0-313-30791-1 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=7FPLWmaGQpEC&pg=PA22 22–23] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|last1=Hernandez|first1=Eloisa May P.|title=The Spanish Colonial Tradition in Philippine Visual Arts|url=http://ncca.gov.ph/subcommissions/subcommission-on-the-arts-sca/visual-arts/the-spanish-colonial-tradition-in-philippine-visual-arts/|publisher=[[National Commission for Culture and the Arts]]|access-date=April 29, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421082733/http://ncca.gov.ph/subcommissions/subcommission-on-the-arts-sca/visual-arts/the-spanish-colonial-tradition-in-philippine-visual-arts/|archive-date=April 21, 2016|date=April 15, 2015|at=A. Painting}}</ref> During the Spanish colonial period, art was used to spread Catholicism mainly through paintings and sculptures. The first recorded sculptor in the Philippines is Juan de los Santos (1590 –1660) known for making retablos.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=HERNANDEZ |first=ELOISA MAY P |title=The Spanish Colonial Tradition in Philippine Visual Arts |url=https://ncca.gov.ph/about-ncca-3/subcommissions/subcommission-on-the-arts-sca/visual-arts/the-spanish-colonial-tradition-in-philippine-visual-arts/ |website=National Commission for Culture and the Arts}}</ref> In 1821, [[Damián Domingo|Damian Domingo]], the father of Filipino paintings, opened the ''Academia de Dibujo'' art school in Binondo.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Santiago |first=Luciano P.R. |title=DAMIAN DOMINGO AND THE FIRST PHILIPPINE ART ACADEMY (1821–1834) |publisher=University of San Carlos Publications |year=1991 |language=English}}</ref> Other artists during Spanish colonial rule included painters such as Josef Luciano Dans, [[José Honorato Lozano|Jose Honorato Lozano]], Mariano Asuncion<ref>{{Cite book |last=Javellana |first=Rene B. |title=The Philippine Colonial Tradition of Sacred Art |publisher=National Museum of the Philippines and Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas |year=2020 |isbn=978-971-567-035-7}}</ref> and sculptors such as [[Isabelo Tampinco]] and Crispulo Hocson.<ref name=":1" /> Artist whose works drew attention to the Philippines are [[Juan Luna]] and [[Félix Resurrección Hidalgo]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|last1=Ocampo |first1=Ambeth |author1-link=Ambeth Ocampo |title=Jose Rizal in Filipino Literature and History |url=https://archium.ateneo.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1042&context=history-faculty-pubs |publisher=[[Ateneo de Manila University]] |access-date=May 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414005130/https://archium.ateneo.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1042&context=history-faculty-pubs |archive-date=April 14, 2021 |pages=77–78}}</ref> [[Fernando Amorsolo]] dominated Philippine paintings during the American colonial period, popular for his [[pastoral]] scenes of Philippine countryside.<ref name="NCCA">{{cite web |title=Fernando C. Amorsolo |url=http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about_cultarts/cultprofile/natarts/visual/amorsolo.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080315060010/http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about_cultarts/cultprofile/natarts/visual/amorsolo.php |archive-date=March 15, 2008 |access-date=October 8, 2016 |publisher=National Commission for Culture and the Arts}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Order of National Artists: Fernando Amorsolo |url=https://ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/culture-profile/national-artists-of-the-philippines/fernando-amorsolo/ |access-date=July 15, 2022 |website=National Commission for Culture and the Arts |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Modernism|Victorio Edades]] known as the father of Modern Philippine Art, popularized [[Modernism]] in the Philippines in 1920s and 1930s.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Foster |first1=Simon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lJttBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT523 |title=The Rough Guide to the Philippines |last2=Deere |first2=Kiki |date=October 1, 2014 |publisher=[[Rough Guides UK]] |location=London, England |isbn=978-0-241-01376-2 |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:St. Agustine Paoay Church 02.jpg|thumb|alt=Old, mossy church with a lawn in front|The early-18th-century Earthquake Baroque [[Paoay Church]] in [[Ilocos Norte]], a National Cultural Treasure and a UNESCO World Heritage Site as one of four Baroque Churches of the Philippines<ref name="UNESCO-BaroqueChurches" />]]
Traditional Philippine architecture has two main models: the indigenous {{lang|fil|[[bahay kubo]]}} and the {{lang|fil|[[bahay na bato]]}}, which developed under Spanish rule.<ref name="Boquet-2017" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90C4DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA438|name=438–444}}}} Some regions, such as [[Batanes]], differ slightly due to climate; limestone was used as a building material, and houses were built to withstand typhoons.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Yu |editor-first1=Pei-Lin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8DhjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT151 |title=Relevance and Application of Heritage in Contemporary Society |editor-last2=Shen |editor-first2=Chen |editor-last3=Smith |editor-first3=George S. |date=2018 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=New York, N.Y. |isbn=978-1-351-33296-5 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Brown |editor-first1=Jessica |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=18iV522zLj0C |title=The Protected Landscape Approach: Linking Nature, Culture and Community |editor-last2=Mitchell |editor-first2=Nora J. |editor-last3=Beresford |editor-first3=Michael |date=2005 |publisher=[[International Union for Conservation of Nature|IUCN]] |location=Gland, Switzerland |isbn=978-2-8317-0797-6 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=18iV522zLj0C&pg=PA101 101] |language=en}}</ref>

[[Spanish architecture]] left an imprint in town designs around a [[poblacion|central square]] or {{lang|es|plaza mayor}}, but many of its buildings were damaged or destroyed during World War II.<ref>{{cite conference |last1=Cruz |first1=Geoffrey Rhoel C. |title=A Review of How Philippine Colonial Experience Influenced the Country's Approaches to Conservation of Cultural Heritage |url=https://www.dlsu.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/pdf/conferences/arts-congress-proceedings/2019/FAC-02.pdf |access-date=April 1, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517150542/https://www.dlsu.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/pdf/conferences/arts-congress-proceedings/2019/FAC-02.pdf |archive-date=May 17, 2021 |publisher=[[De La Salle University]] |book-title=Arts Congress Proceedings |volume=3 |series=9 |date=February 2019 |location=Manila, Philippines |conference=12th Arts Congress |issn=2012-0311 |at=The Philippine Built Cultural Heritage}}</ref><ref name="Ring-1996" /> [[List of Baroque churches in the Philippines|Several]] Philippine [[List of Catholic churches in the Philippines|churches]] adapted [[baroque architecture]] to withstand earthquakes, leading to the development of [[Earthquake Baroque]];<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ortiz |first1=Ma. Aurora R. |last2=Erestain |first2=Teresita E. |last3=Guillermo |first3=Alice G. |last4=Montano |first4=Myrna C. |last5=Pilar |first5=Santiago A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T9UE6SQayrUC |title=Art: Perception & Appreciation |publisher=Goodwill Trading Co., Inc. |location=Makati, Philippines |isbn=978-971-11-0933-2 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=T9UE6SQayrUC&pg=PA287 287] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Girard-2021">{{cite book |last=Girard |first=Jean-Claude |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BYZaEAAAQBAJ |title=Leandro Valencia Locsin: Filipino architect |date=December 6, 2021 |publisher=[[Birkhäuser]] |location=Basel, Switzerland |isbn=978-3-0356-2093-1 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=BYZaEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA23 23–25] |language=en}}</ref> [[Baroque Churches of the Philippines|four baroque churches]] have been listed as a collective UNESCO [[World Heritage Site]].<ref name="UNESCO-BaroqueChurches">{{#invoke:cite|web|year=2010 |title=Baroque Churches of the Philippines |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/677/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060210154046/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/677/ |archive-date=February 10, 2006 |access-date=July 22, 2020 |website=[[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage Centre]] |publisher=[[UNESCO]]}}</ref> [[Spanish colonial fortifications in the Philippines|Spanish colonial fortifications]] ({{lang|es|fuerzas}}) in several parts of the Philippines were primarily designed by missionary architects and built by Filipino stonemasons.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Harrison |first1=Peter |title=Castles of God: Fortified Religious Buildings of the World |date=2004 |publisher=[[Boydell Press]] |location=Woodbridge, Suffolk, England |isbn=978-1-84383-066-5 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=g6PqNavNEdgC&pg=PA190 190] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g6PqNavNEdgC |language=en}}</ref> [[Vigan]], in [[Ilocos Sur]], is known for its Hispanic-style houses and buildings.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rabang |first1=Marie Rose Q. |title=Cultural Mapping as a Tool in Heritage Conservation in a World Heritage Site: The Vigan City Experience |journal=Journal Sampurasun: Interdisciplinary Studies for Cultural Heritage |date=December 4, 2015 |volume=1 |issue=1 |page=31 |doi=10.23969/sampurasun.v1i1.26 |url=https://journal.unpas.ac.id/index.php/sampurasun/article/download/26/7/58 |access-date=April 19, 2023 |publisher=Research Institute of Pasundan University |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429061850/https://journal.unpas.ac.id/index.php/sampurasun/article/download/26/7/58 |archive-date=April 29, 2023 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

American rule introduced new architectural styles in the construction of government buildings and [[Art Deco]] theaters.<ref name="NCCAGovPH-Architecture">{{#invoke:cite|web|last1=Noche |first1=Manuel D. C. |title=History of Philippine Architecture |date=April 14, 2015 |url=http://ncca.gov.ph/subcommissions/subcommission-on-the-arts-sca/architecture-and-allied-arts-2/history-of-philippine-architecture/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421020700/http://ncca.gov.ph/subcommissions/subcommission-on-the-arts-sca/architecture-and-allied-arts-2/history-of-philippine-architecture/ |archive-date=April 21, 2017 |access-date=September 8, 2016 |publisher=[[National Commission for Culture and the Arts]]}}</ref> During the American period, construction of [[Gabaldon school buildings]] began,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ancho |first1=Inero |last2=San Juan |first2=Mark Ponce |title=Preservation Of Heritage School Buildings In The Philippines: A Case Study Of The Gabaldon Buildings |journal=Journal of Urban Culture Research |date=2021 |volume=22 |pages=106–109 |doi=10.14456/jucr.2021.8 |url=https://so04.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/JUCR/article/view/252190/171120 |access-date=August 13, 2024 |issn=2408-1213}}</ref> and some city planning using architectural designs and master plans by [[Daniel Burnham]] was done in portions of [[Burnham Plan of Manila|Manila]] and [[Baguio]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Adams |first=Thomas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1zNNdADCYcAC |title=Outline of Town and City Planning |date=November 2004 |publisher=[[Routledge]]/[[Thoemmes Press]] |location=London, England |isbn=978-0-415-16094-0 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1zNNdADCYcAC&pg=PA201 201] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Kirsch |first=Scott |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IrujEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT122 |title=American Colonial Spaces in the Philippines: Insular Empire |series=Routledge Research in Historical Geography |date=February 15, 2023 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Abingdon, Oxon, England |isbn=978-1-000-83977-7 |language=en}}</ref> Part of the Burnham plan was the construction of government buildings reminiscent of [[Ancient Greek architecture|Greek]] or [[Neoclassical architecture]].<ref name="NCCAGovPH-Architecture" /><ref name="Girard-2021" /> Buildings from the Spanish and American periods can be seen in [[Iloilo]], especially in [[Calle Real, Iloilo|Calle Real]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Salas |first=Vic |date=August 9, 2022 |title=[Ilonggo Notes] A city of cultural heritage tourism zones |work=[[Rappler]] |url=https://www.rappler.com/life-and-style/travel/ilonggo-notes-city-cultural-heritage-tourism-zones-iloilo/ |access-date=November 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809115745/https://www.rappler.com/life-and-style/travel/ilonggo-notes-city-cultural-heritage-tourism-zones-iloilo/ |archive-date=August 9, 2022}}</ref>