Editing Patronymic (section)

===Europe===
In Europe, patronyms were formerly widespread but later became confined to Scandinavia, Iceland, and some Eastern Slavic cultures.

====English====
{{See also |English name}}
In England, names ending with the suffix "-son" or "-ing" were often originally patronymic. In addition, the archaic French (more specifically, [[Norman language|Norman]]) prefix ''fitz'' (cognate with the modern French ''[[wikt:fils|fils]]'', meaning "son") appears in England's aristocratic family lines dating from the [[Norman Conquest]], and also among the [[Anglo-Irish]]. Thus there are names such as Fitzgerald, Fitzmaurice and Fitzhugh. In addition, the name ''[[Fitzroy (surname)|Fitzroy]]'', meaning "son of [the] king" (''[[roy]]''), was sometimes used by illegitimate royal children.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Another Name Question [Archive&#93; – Straight Dope Message Board |url=http://boards.straightdope.com/sdmb/archive/index.php/t-258669.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403022832/http://boards.straightdope.com/sdmb/archive/index.php/t-258669.html |archive-date=3 April 2012 |access-date=23 April 2013 |publisher=Boards.straightdope.com}}</ref>

====Irish, Scottish, and Manx====
{{See also|Irish name#Patronyms and other additives|Celtic onomastics#Surname prefixes|Scottish surnames#Patronymics}}
{{anchor|Ireland|Scotland|Celtic|Gaelic}}
{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2008}}
The use of "Mac" in some form was prevalent in [[Scottish Gaelic]], Irish, and [[Manx language|Manx]], in all of which it denotes "son." "Mc" is also a frequent anglicisation in both Scotland and Ireland. In Ireland, the forms "Mag" and "M'" are encountered. The prefix "Mac" is used to form a patronym, such as "Mac Coinnich"—or the anglicized "Mackenzie"—son of Coinneach/Kenneth. The female equivalent of ''Mac'' is ''Nic'', condensed from ''nighean mhic'' (in Scottish Gaelic) or ''iníon mhic'' (in Irish), both meaning daughter. For example, the Scottish Gaelic surname, ''Nic Dhòmhnaill'' meaning "daughter of a son of Dòmhnall" (in English, Donald), as in ''Mairi Nic Dhòmhnaill'', or Mary MacDonald.

At the north end of the [[Irish Sea]], in [[Ulster]], the [[Isle of Man]], and [[Galloway]] (indeed as far north as [[Argyll]]), "Mac" was frequently truncated in speech to /k/. This led to such anglicisations as "Qualtrough" (Son of Walter) and "Quayle" (son of Paul, cf. [[MacPhail]]), usually beginning with "C," "K," or "Q." In Ireland, this truncation resulted in surnames such as "Guinness" (son of Aonghus, cf. MacAonghusa), beginning usually in "C" or "G" for patronymics prefixed with Mac, and in "H" (e.g., "Hurley" [descendant of Iarlath, cf. Ua h-Iarfhlatha/O'Hurley]) for surnames prefixed with "O." Colloquial Scottish Gaelic also has other patronymics of a slightly different form for individuals, still in use (for more information please see: [[Scottish Gaelic personal naming system]]).

====Welsh and Cornish====
{{anchor|Wales|Cornwall}}
{{see also|Welsh surnames|Cornish surnames}}
{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2013}}
Before the 1536 [[Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542|Act of Union]], the Welsh did not generally employ surnames, but instead used [[epithet]]s (e.g. [[Selyf Sarffgadau]], "Selyf the Battle-Serpent"), patronyms (e.g. [[Rhodri the Great|Rhodri ap Merfyn]], "Rhodri son of Merfyn"), and (much less often) matronyms (e.g. [[Rhodri the Great|Rhodri map Nest]], "Rhodri son of Nest") to identify people.

Welsh, as a [[Gallo-Brittonic languages|P-Celtic language]], originally used ''map'' or ''mab'' instead of the [[P-Celtic and Q-Celtic languages|Q-Celtic]] ''mac'' employed in Ireland and Scotland. These were later simplified to the [[modern Welsh]] ''ap'' and ''ab''. A common practice is to use ''mab''/''ab'' before a father's name beginning with a vowel (e.g., [[Llywelyn the Great|Llywelyn mab Iorwerth]]), but the two alternative forms are also employed arbitrarily in many sources.

Daughters were indicated by ''ferch'' or ''verch'' ([[Welsh language#mutation|mutated]] from ''merch'', "girl, daughter"). ''Angharad verch Owain'' would be "Angharad, daughter of Owain".

After the Acts of Union, this led to many Welsh surnames being variants of their father or ancestor's personal name: ''ap'' or ''ab Ieuan'' often became "Evans"; ''ap Rhys'', "Price"; ''ap'' or ''ab Owain'', "Bowen"; ''ap Hywel'', "Powell" or "Howell". In addition to these Anglicised baptismal and official names, patronyms continued to be commonly employed in Welsh until the [[Industrial Revolution]], particularly in the north and west of Wales. Patronyms were sometimes employed within the English names as well by using the father's personal name as the sons' [[middle name]].

Perhaps because [[Cornish surnames|Cornwall]] was legally incorporated into England earlier than Wales was, patronyms (e.g.{{lang|kw|[m]ap Ros>Rouse, [m]ap Richard>Pritchard, Davies, Evans|italic=no}}) are less common there than [[Toponymic surname|toponyms]] (e.g. [[Tresillian]], Trevithick, [[Nankivell|Nanskeval/Nankeville]]) and occupational surnames (e.g. [[An Gof]], [An] Gove, ''([[Blacksmith]])''; Helyer (Cornish dialect – possibly a [[slater]] or [[Hunter|huntsman]] ({{lang|kw|helgher|italic=no}})).<ref name="Kernow names">[reepages.history.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~kernow/names_h.htm Rootsweb Ancestry.com – Kernow names]</ref>

====Dutch====
In [[Dutch language|Dutch]], patronymics were often used in place of [[family name]]s or as middle names. Patronymics were composed of the father's name plus an ending ''-zoon'' for sons, ''-dochter'' for daughters. For instance, [[Abel Tasman|Abel Janszoon Tasman]] is "Abel son of Jan Tasman", and [[Kenau Simonsdochter Hasselaer]]: "Kenau, daughter of Simon Hasselaer". In written form, these endings were often abbreviated as ''-sz.'' and ''-dr.'' respectively e.g. Jeroen Corneli'''sz'''. "Jeroen son of Cornelis", or [[Dirck Jacobsz.|Dirck Jacobsz]]. The endings ''-s'', ''-se'' and ''-sen'' were also commonly used for sons and often for daughters too. In the northern provinces, ''-s'', as [[genitive case]], was almost universally used for both sons and daughters. The suffix -''x'' as in "Tacx" or "Hendrix" also denoted the son or daughter of... and is now integrated as a complete name.

Patronymics were common in the Dutch [[Dutch Republic|United Provinces]] until the French invasion in 1795 and subsequent annexation in 1810. As the Netherlands were now a province of France, a registry of births, deaths and marriages was established in 1811, whereupon emperor [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon]] forced the Dutch to register and adopt a distinct surname.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Decreet van Naamsaanneming (Napoleon, 18 augustus 1811) |url=http://www.republikanisme.nl/naamgeving.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090912024314/http://www.republikanisme.nl/naamgeving.html |archive-date=12 September 2009 |access-date=29 April 2009 |language=nl}}</ref>

====French====
{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2013}}
In France, the terms ''patronyme'' and ''nom patronymique'' had long been used interchangeably to designate the family name, meaning that it is inherited from the father.

The tradition of patronymic lineage is still used among some Canadian descendants of French colonists: in the oral tradition of many [[Acadians]], for example, ''Marc à Pierre à Gérard'' ({{lit|Marc of Pierre of Gérard}}), means "Marc, son of Pierre, grandson of Gérard".

====Italian====
{{Unreferenced section|date=November 2021}}
The [[Italian language]] used to designate patronymics in formal writing up to 1975 using the preposition ''di'' (English ''of'') for a living father and ''fu'' (English ''late'') for a deceased one. That is, ''[[Marius (name)|Mario]] di [[John (name)|Giovanni]] Rossi'' meant that Mario Rossi is the son of a living man named Giovanni; ''[[Francis (given name)|Francesco]] fu [[Peter (name)|Pietro]] Verdi'' meant that Francesco Verdi is the son of a deceased man named Pietro. When the father's name was unknown, institutions could use the formula N.N. (''[[Nomen nescio]]'', Latin for "I don't know the name") or use the mother's name or omit this part entirely.

In [[parish record]]s written in [[Latin language|Latin]], the father's name would be written in [[Genitive case|genitive]] with no preposition. For a deceased father, the particle ''quondam'' (English ''once/formerly'') was added. The examples above would have been translated as ''Marius Johannis Rossi'' and ''Franciscus quondam Petri Verdi''.

Patronymics are not in common usage in modern Italian. However, some of them have been the source of various surnames. As an example, the individuals descended from a man named ''[[Paul (name)|Paolo]]'' could have gained the patronymic surnames ''Paolo'', ''Di Paolo'', ''De Paoli'', ''Paoli'', ''Polo'', ''Pagolo'', ''Pagoli'', ''Paolino'', ''Lino'', etc.

====Iberian languages====
{{see also|Spanish naming customs|Portuguese naming customs}}
In the past, both in Spanish and Portuguese, the endings ''-ez'' and ''-es'' tended to be conflated since pronunciation was quite similar in the two languages. Today, Portuguese has been fully standardized to ''-es''; Spanish is also standardized to ''-ez'', but it is very common to see archaic endings in ''-es''. For instance, [[Pires (disambiguation)|Pires]]/[[Peres]] and [[Pérez]] are the modern equivalents of English "[[Peterson (name)|Peterson]]" in Portuguese and Spanish.

In [[Portugal]], there are some surnames that had a patronymic genesis but, while still common, no longer indicate patronymic usage. For instance, ''Álvares'' was the son of ''Álvaro'' and ''Gonçalves'' was the son of ''Gonçalo'' (it was the case of [[Nuno Álvares Pereira]], son of Álvaro and Gonçalves Pereira, son of Gonçalo Pereira). Other cases include ''Rodrigues'' (''son of Rodrigo''), ''Nunes'' (''son of Nuno'') and ''Fernandes'' (''son of Fernando'').
In the same way, the surname Soares means son of Soeiro (in Latin Suarius). It comes from Latin Suaricius (son of Suarius); the Latin [[genitive]] suffix ''-icius/a'' was used to indicate a patronymic. Later it became Suáriz, Suárez (both Spanish), and eventually Soares (Portuguese). Another theory attributes the Iberian -ez style patronymics to Germanic (Visigothic) rather than Latin influence.<ref name=port-names1 /><ref name=port-names2 />

Spanish patronyms follow a similar pattern to the Portuguese (e.g., [[López]]: son of Lope; [[Fernández]]: son of Fernando; [[Martínez (surname)|Martínez]]: son of Martín; [[Rodríguez (surname)|Rodríguez]]: son of Rodrigo; [[Álvarez (surname)|Álvarez]]: son of Álvaro). Common endings include -ez, -az, -iz, -is and -oz. However, not all surnames with similar endings are necessarily patronymic. For example, Chávez is not the son of ''Chavo'', but comes from [[Galician language|Galician]] or [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] ''chaves'', meaning "keys", with the "s" denoting the plural form of ''chave'', as is the case of key/keys in English.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roth |first=Elsbeth Anne |date=2002 |title=16th Century Spanish Names |url=https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~kvs/heraldry/spanish16/ |access-date=30 June 2015 |publisher=Carnegie Mellon University School of Computer Science}}</ref>

However, these kinds of surnames were unusual outside the [[Crown of Castile]]. Apart from natural spelling variations (such as using Giménez or Ximénez), modern orthographic standardisation in each Iberian dialect brought a number of crossed versions. It is possible to find the [[Catalan language]] politician Jordi Sànchez (whose surname, while Spanish, has a grave accent – characteristic of Catalan – instead of the acute accent used in Spanish) or the journalist Vicenç Sanchis (who spells his surname in a way that is closer to Catalan, but with the ch digraph characteristic of Spanish).

Due to the letters, z and s being pronounced alike in [[Latin American]] dialects of Spanish, many non-patronymic surnames with an -es have come to be written with an -ez. In Hispano-American Spanish, the -ez spellings of [[Chávez (surname)|Chávez]] ([[Hugo Chávez]]), [[Cortes (surname)|Cortez]] ([[Alberto Cortez]]) and [[Valdez (surname)|Valdez]] ([[Nelson Valdez]]) are not patronymic surnames, but simply variant spellings of the Iberian Spanish spelling with -es, as in the names of [[Manuel Chaves (politician)|Manuel Chaves]], [[Hernán Cortés]] and [[Víctor Valdés]]. For more on the -z surnames in Spanish see [[Influences on the Spanish language]].

A list of some Iberian patronymics:<ref name="port-names1">{{Cite web |last=Luna |first=Juliana de |date=1998 |title=Portuguese Names 1350–1450 |url=http://www.s-gabriel.org/names/juliana/portuguese/ |access-date=30 June 2015 |publisher=The Academy of Saint Gabriel}}</ref><ref name="port-names2">{{Cite web |last=Luna |first=Juliana de |date=June 1999 |title=Portuguese Names from the 16th Century |url=http://www.s-gabriel.org/names/juliana/portugal16/ |access-date=30 June 2015 |publisher=The Academy of Saint Gabriel}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nombres y Patronímicos Leoneses, s. X |url=http://www.historiaviva.org/nombres/nombres_leon10.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924030339/http://www.historiaviva.org/nombres/nombres_leon10.html |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=30 June 2015 |publisher=Historia Viva}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1999–2000 |title=Spanish Names from the Late 15th Century: Patronymic Surnames |url=http://www.s-gabriel.org/names/juliana/isabella/patronymic.html |access-date=30 June 2015 |publisher=The Academy of Saint Gabriel}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1999–2000 |title=Spanish Names from the Late 15th Century |url=http://www.s-gabriel.org/names/juliana/isabella/patronymic.html |access-date=30 June 2015 |publisher=The Academy of Saint Gabriel}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2002 |title=16th Century Spanish Names – Patronymics by Frequency |url=https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~kvs/heraldry/spanish16/patro-freq.html |access-date=30 June 2015 |publisher=The Academy of Saint Gabriel}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" align="center" 
|- 
!Original given name
!Castilian patronymic
!Galician-Portuguese patronymic
|- 
|Álvaro
|Álvarez
|Álvares, Alves
|- 
|Antom, Antão, António
|Antúnez
|Antunes
|- 
|Benito, Bento, Bieito
|Benítez
|Bentes, Bieites, Viéitez
|- 
|Bermudo, Vermudo
|Bermúdez, Vermúdez
|Bermudes
|- 
|Bernardo
|Bernárdez
|Bernardes
|- 
|[[Diego]], [[Diogo (name)|Diogo]]
|Díaz, Díez, Diéguez
|Dias, Diegues
|- 
|Domingo, Domingos
|Domínguez
|Domingues
|- 
|Egaz, Egas
|Viegaz
|Viegas
|- 
|Enrique, Henrique
|Enríquez
|Henriques
|- 
|Ermígio, Hermígio
|Ermíguez
|Hermigues
|- 
|Esteban, Estêvão
|Estébanez
|Esteves, Estévez
|-
|Facundo
|Fagúndez
|Fagundes
|- 
|Fáfila, Fávila
|Fáfez, Fáfilaz
|Fafes, Fáfilas
|- 
|Fernão, Fernando
|Fernández
|Fernandes
|- 
|Froila, Fruela
|Fróilaz, Fruelaz
|Froilas, Fruelas
|- 
|García, Garcia
|Garcés
|Garcês
|- 
|Geraldo
|Geráldez
|Geraldes
|- 
|Godinho, Godím
|Godins, Godínez
|Godins
|- 
|Gomes<sup>1</sup>
|Gómez
|Gomes
|- 
|Gonzalo, Gonçalo
|González
|Gonçalves
|- 
|Gutier, Gutierre, Guterre²
|Gutiérrez
|Guterres
|- 
|Juan, João<br />(from the Latin ''Ioannes'')
|Yáñez, Yanes, Ibáñez 
|Eanes, Anes
|- 
|Lope, Lopo<sup>1</sup>
|López
|Lopes
|- 
|Marco, Marcos
|Márquez
|Marques
|- 
|Martín, Martim, Martinho
|Martínez
|Martins
|- 
|Menendo, Mendo, Mem, <sup>1</sup>
|Menéndez, Méndez
|Mendes
|- 
|Muño, Monio<sup>1</sup>
|Muñoz
|Moniz
|- 
|Nuño, Nuno
|Núñez
|Nunes
|- 
|Ordoño, Ordonho
|Ordóñez
|Ordonhes
|- 
|Pelayo, Paio<sup>1</sup>
|Peláez, Páez
|Paes, Pais
|- 
|Pero, Pedro
|Pérez, Píriz
|Peres, Pires
|- 
|Ramiro
|Ramírez
|Ramires
|- 
|Rodrigo
|Rodríguez
|Rodrigues
|- 
|Ruy, Rui-Roi³
|Ruíz
|Ruis, Rois
|- 
|Sancho
|Sánchez
|Sanches
|- 
|Suero, Soeiro<sup>1</sup>
|Suárez
|Soares
|- 
|Tello, Telo
|Téllez
|Teles
|-
|Varão
|Varón
|Varão
|- 
|Velasco, Vasco
|Velázquez, Vázquez
|Vasques, Vaz
|- 
|Vímara
|Vimaránez
|Vimaranes, Guimarães
|- 
|Ximeno, Jimeno, Gimeno, Chemene, Exemeno<sup>1</sup>
|Ximénez, Jiménez, Jimenes, Ximenes, Giménez, Gimenes, Chiménez, Chimenes, Seménez, Semenes, Ximenis, Eiximenis, Scimemi, Scimeni, Chimenz, Jimeno, Eiximinis, Eximenis
|Ximenes
|}
#<small>Archaic given name, not in use.</small>
#<small>Archaic given name, not in use. Equivalent to the German ''Gunther''.</small>
#<small>''Ruy'' or ''Rui'' is an archaic hypocoristic form of ''Rodrigo''.</small>

====Norse languages====
{{see also|Icelandic name | Swedish name |Scandinavian family name etymology}}

In Norse custom, patronyms and matronyms were formed by using the ending -son (later -søn and -sen in [[Danish language|Danish]], [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] and German) to the [[genitive case|genitive]] form of the father's name to indicate "son of", and -dóttir ([[Icelandic language|Icelandic]] and Faroese -dóttir, [[Swedish language|Swedish]] and Norwegian -dotter, Danish and Norwegian -datter) for "daughter of". The resulting patronymic was generally not used as a surname; however, a third name, a so-called byname based on location or personal characteristic, was often added to differentiate people and could eventually develop into a kind of [[family name]]. Some [[Early Modern]] examples of the latter practice, where the patronymic was placed after the given name and was followed by the surname, are Norwegian [[Peder Claussøn Friis]], the son of Nicolas Thorolfsen Friis (Claus in Claussøn being short for Nicolas) and Danish [[Thomas Kingo|Thomas Hansen Kingo]], the son of Hans Thomsen Kingo.

Eventually, most Nordic countries replaced or complemented this system with the prevailing "international" standard of inherited family names. In Norway, for example, the [[Storting|parliament]] passed a family name act in 1923, citing the rising population and the need to avoid the confusion of new last names in every generation. The law does allow a person to retain a patronymic as a [[middle name]] in addition to the surname, as was common in Early Modern times; this is not a common practice but does occur, a modern example being [[Audhild Gregoriusdotter Rotevatn]]. The Danish government outlawed the practice in 1856 and eased the regulations in 1904 to deal with the limited number of patronymics. In Sweden the practice of children keeping their father's and wives taking their husband's patronymic as a surname occurred in the 18th century but was first prevalent in the late 19th century. Patronymics were normal in Sweden, at least in rural Sweden, until the 19th century. From the end of the 19th-century patronymics gradually became less common in Sweden until they were abolished in 1966. In 1982 the right to use patronyms (and matronyms) was partially restored; a person (or the parents of a child) had to apply and pay a fee. From 1 July 2017 parents in Sweden are free to give their children patronyms/matronyms at birth instead of inherited family names, and any person can change their last name to a matronymic or patronymic.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 April 2016 |title=En ny lag om personnamn |url=http://www.regeringen.se/rattsdokument/lagradsremiss/2016/04/en-ny-lag-om-personnamn/ |access-date=21 April 2016}}</ref>

Matronyms were used exceptionally if the child was born out of wedlock, or if the mother was much more high-born or well-known than the father, a historical example being [[Sweyn Estridsson]].

[[Icelandic name|In Iceland]], patronymics or matronymics are still used as last names, and this is, in fact, required by law, with a handful of exceptions. For almost all cases, the father's name (usually in the genitive case) is used, plus the word ''son'' for sons or ''dóttir'' for daughters.<ref name="namelaw">{{Cite web |last=slands |first=Alþingi Í |title=Lög um mannanöfn |url=http://www.althingi.is/lagas/135a/1996045.html |access-date=2 April 2008 |language=is}}</ref> For example, [[Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir]] (i.e. "Jóhanna, daughter of Sigurð[ur]"). People who do not identify as male or female ([[Non-binary gender|nonbinary people]]) can also use the suffix ''-bur'', which means ''child of''''.<ref>[https://www.kristeligt-dagblad.dk/udland/island-bryder-med-tradition-son-eller-dottir Kristeligt Dagblad: ''Island bryder med tradition for son eller dottir'']</ref>

In 2022, the [[Swedish Tax Agency]] denied a [[Gotland]] woman's application to change her surname to one with the [[Gutnish]] ending ''-dotri'' (instead of ''-dotter'') on the grounds that it did not follow Swedish conventions. The administrative court in Stockholm decided in her favour on appeal,<ref>[https://sverigesradio.se/artikel/skatteverket-darfor-overklagar-vi-beslutet-om-gutniska-efternamnet Sveriges Radio P4 Gotland: ''Skatteverket: Därför överklagar vi beslutet om gutniska efternamnet'']</ref> with the Tax Agency in turn taking the case to the Court of Appeal; in early 2023, the Court of Appeal finally ruled that she was allowed to use a Gutnish surname.<ref>[https://sverigesradio.se/artikel/vandningen-julia-far-heta-andersdotri-i-efternamn Sveriges Radio P4 Gotland: ''Vändningen: Julia får heta Andersdotri i efternamn'']</ref>

====Finnish====
In [[Finland]], the use of patronymics was a result of relatively-recent Swedish influence and remained uncommon outside official documents. It was only in the 19th century that the use of patronymics gained any sort of popularity among the [[Finnish language|Finnish]]-speaking lower classes.<ref name="paikkala">{{Cite web |last=Paikkala |first=Sirkka |title=Patronyymit ja matronyymit sukututkimuksissa |url=http://www.genealogia.fi/nimet/nimi16s.htm |access-date=2 August 2015 |website=genealogia.fi |publisher=Suomen Sukututkimusseura |language=fi |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924040547/http://www.genealogia.fi/nimet/nimi16s.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Family names became obligatory in Finland by law in 1920.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://agricolaverkko.fi/vintti/julkaisut/historiakone/dokumentti.php?id=1283 |title=Sukunimilaki 1920 :: Dokumentit :: Historiakone :: Julkaisut :: Agricola - Suomen historiaverkko |access-date=6 December 2022 |archive-date=6 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206074059/https://agricolaverkko.fi/vintti/julkaisut/historiakone/dokumentti.php?id=1283 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Historically, patronymics were composed in Swedish fashion: the father's name and the suffix ''-n'' for genitive plus the word ''poika'' for sons, ''tytär'' for daughters. For example, Tuomas Abrahaminpoika means "Tuomas, Abraham's son", and Martta Heikintytär means "Martta, Heikki's daughter".<ref name="paikkala" />

====Bulgarian====
{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2023}} 
In [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]], the patronymics are ''-ov'' / ''-ev'' for men and ''-ova'' / ''-eva'' for women. They are identical to the endings of family names in Bulgarian and some other Slavic family names, such as those in Russian and [[Czech language|Czech]]. In Bulgarian official documents, the patronymic comes before the surname, so ''Ivan Marinov Yordanov'' would be ''Ivan'', son of ''Marin Yordanov''.

====Georgian====
{{main|Georgian surname}}
In [[Georgian language|Georgian]], patronymics, when used, add ''s'' to the end of the father's name, followed by ''dze'' for a man and ''asuli'' for a woman. For example, [[Joseph Stalin]]'s original name was Ioseb Besarionis Dze Jugashvili. After the end of the [[Soviet Union]], patronymics in Georgia have become disused as a Russian tradition.{{Citation needed|date=April 2017}}

Georgian family names derive mostly from patronymics, nicknames and places of origin. Two common elements, ''dze'' and ''shvili'' mean "son of" and "child" respectively.

====Greek====
{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2023}} 
Most [[Greek language|Greek]] surnames are patronymics by origin albeit in various forms depending on the ancestral locality. Diminutive suffixes that denote "son of" or, more generally, "descendant of" start with the given name such as Δημήτριος ''Dēmétrios'' and then have the patronymic surname such as Dēmētr''ópoulos'' ([[Peloponnese]]), Dēmētr''ákos'' ([[Laconia]]), Dēmētr''éas'' ([[Messenia]]n [[Mani Peninsula|Mani]]), Dēmētr''átos'' ([[Cephalonia]]), Dēmētr''ákēs'' ([[Crete]]), Dēmētr''iádēs''/Dēmētr''-ídēs'' ([[Pontus (region)|Pontus]], [[Asia Minor]]), Dēmētr''éllēs'' ([[Lesbos]]), Dēmétr''oglou'' ([[Asia Minor]]) (identical to Turkish patronym ''-oğlu''), or simply ''Dēmētríou'' (especially common in [[Cyprus]], with the first name in the [[genitive]]) are formed. The same principle can apply to surnames deriving from professions. For example, as from παπάς, ''papás'' "priest", are derived the surnames ''Papadópoulos'', ''Papadákos'', ''Papadéas'', ''Papadátos'', ''Papadákēs'', ''Papadéllēs'', ''Papazoglou'' etc., all of which signify a "priest's son". The same {{not a typo|principle(s)}} may apply in combination: ''Papanikoláou, Papanikolópoulos'', "the son of the priest Nikolaos". A daughter's family name is the same as the son's but is ''always'' declined in the genitive: ''Dēmētropoúlou, Papanikoláou''.

In addition to those surnames, actual patronymics are used in official documents as "middle names" preceding the surname. For example, the children of a ''Ioánnis Papadópoulos'' can be ''María Ioánnou Papadopoúlou'' and ''Andréas Ioánnou Papadópoulos'' (''Ioánnou'' is the genitive of ''Ioánnis''). Traditionally, a married woman would adopt her husband's family name. Now, however, women in Greece can keep their own surnames if they choose.

====Hungarian====
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In [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]], patronyms were traditionally formed with the ending ''-fi'' (sometimes spelled as ''-fy'' or ''-ffy''). That system is no longer in common use, but traces can still be found in some frequent current surnames such as ''Pálfi'' (son of Paul), ''Győrfi'', ''Bánfi'' or [[Sándor Petőfi]] (a famous poet who chose the Hungarian form instead of his Slavic birth name, ''Petrovics''). In the Old Hungarian period (10th–16th century, see [[History of Hungarian]]), surnames were not in common use, and the full genitive was represented as in ''Péter fia András'' (''Peter's son Andrew''). Such forms are in frequent use in charters and legal documents from that time. In Hungarian, the surname precedes the given name.

====Romanian====
{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2013}}
In [[Romanian language|Romanian]], the endings ''-escu'' and ''-eanu'' were used, as in ''Petrescu'', 'son of Petre (Peter)'; many modern Romanian family names were formed from such patronymics. Less commonly, matronymics formed with the [[Genitive case|genitive]] form (using the prefix ''a-'') were used, as in ''Amariei'', '(son/daughter) of Maria'.

====Russian====
{{More citations needed section|date=December 2013}}
{{See also |Eastern Slavic naming customs}}
In Russian the endings {{lang|ru|-ovich, -evich|italic=yes}} and ''-ich'' are used to form patronymics for men. It would be cognate to the Latin genitive -ici, used for marking the family line, and also as equivalent to 'little' -Vladic= 'the little Vlad'. For women, the respective endings are {{lang|ru|-ovna, -yevna|italic=yes}} or {{lang|ru|-ichna|italic=yes}}. For example, in Russian, a man named Ivan with a father named Nikolay would be known as Ivan Nikolayevich or "Ivan, son of Nikolay" (''Nikolayevich'' being a patronymic). Likewise, a woman named Lyudmila with a father named Nikolay would be known as Lyudmila Nikolayevna or "Lyudmila, daughter of Nikolay" (''Nikolayevna'' being a patronymic). For masculine names ending in a vowel, such as Ilya or Foma, when they are used as a base for the patronymic, the corresponding endings are ''-ich'' (for men) and {{lang|ru|-inichna|italic=yes}} (for women). Examples in titles of classical Russian literature include'' [[The Belkin Tales|The Tales of the Late Ivan Petrovich Belkin]]'', ''[[The Death of Ivan Ilyich]]'' and ''[[The Tale of How Ivan Ivanovich Quarreled with Ivan Nikiforovich]]''.

In Russia, the patronymic is an official part of the name, used in all official documents, and when addressing somebody both formally and among friends.<ref name="rus1">{{Cite book |last=Cubberley |first=Paul |title=Russian: A Linguistic Introduction |date=17 October 2002 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=9780521796415 |page=355}}</ref><ref name="rus2">{{Cite book |last=Stakhnevich |first=Julia |url=https://archive.org/details/everythinglearni0000stak/page/74 |title=The Everything Learning Russian Book |date=2007 |publisher=Everything Books |isbn=9781598693874 |page=[https://archive.org/details/everythinglearni0000stak/page/74 74]}}</ref> The correct written order of a full name is surname, given name, then patronymic – this order would be found on official documents, business cards, and formal addresses. For example, a woman named Mariya Iosifovna Zhukova would hand you a business card that says Zhukova Mariya Iosifovna. Use of the given name followed by the patronymic in Russian is always the neutral, correct and polite way to address any person except close friends, family members, or children – in such cases usage of the patronymic adds humorous intonation of exaggerated but well-meant respect. This form would be congruent to the Western use of Mr. and the surname for the polite and proper use and reference. Instead of schoolchildren calling their teacher Ms. and surname, the proper form would be given name and patronymic. For example, a teacher named Anna Borisovna Kopylova would always be called Anna Borisovna by her pupils. When addressing a much younger person, only the first name is commonly used. Individuals are addressed by their given name followed by the patronymic (e.g., "Mikhail Nikolayevich") in many situations including on formal occasions, by colleagues at work, by acquaintances, or when being addressed by someone younger in age.<ref name=rus1/><ref name="rus3">{{Cite book |title=Encyclopaedia of Contemporary Russian |date=2007 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=9781136787867 |editor-last=Smorodinskaya |editor-first=Tatiana |page=412 |editor-last2=Evans-Romaine |editor-first2=Karen |editor-last3=Goscilo |editor-first3=Helena}}</ref> It is becoming more common for younger individuals (under 50) to drop the patronymic at work.<ref name=rus3/> In informal situations, if a person is called by a [[diminutive]] (such as Misha for Mikhail or Nastya for Anastasia), the patronymic is not used.<ref name=rus2/>

In [[colloquial]], informal speech, it is also possible to contract the ending of a patronymic: thus Nikolayevich becomes Nikolaich, and Stepan Ivanovich becomes Stepan Ivanych or simply Ivanych as the [[given name]] may be omitted altogether. In this case, the contraction, if possible, is obligatory: Ivan Sergeyevich Sidorov may be called "Sergeich" or, more rarely, "Sergeyevich". In contrast to male names, if a woman is called by her patronymic name without a given name, the patronymic is usually not contracted: "Ivanovna" but "Mar' Ivanna"; "Sergeyevna" or "Sergevna" is one exception, where both forms are fine. Typically, a patronymic name alone is a familiar form of addressing an older female.

====Serbian====
{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2013}}
[[Vuk Karadžić]] reported in the 19th century that Serbs sometimes used their old family names, and sometimes patronymics. Vuk Karadžić himself used patronymic “Stefanović” (son of Stefan, equivalent of Steven), and sometimes Karadžić, old family name. However, nowadays, the patronymic names in Serbia are mostly used on legal documents, and have the form of the father's name that says the child is 'of so and so'... example: Marija Dragoljuba Pavlović, where Dragoljub is the father's name and 'Dragoljuba' literally means 'of Dragoljub'.   There are also other forms, like to include – the father's name – in brackets: Maria (Dragoljub) Pavlović.

It became more common to include the name of any one of the parents in legal documents ('ime jednog roditelja') – in practice this is usually still the father's name.

In Serbia, Croatia and Bosnia, the patronymic names do not change form between [[Grammatical gender|masculine]] and [[Grammatical gender|feminine]].  Example: Marija Dragoljuba Pavlović (Dragoljub is the father's name; Dragoljuba is the form that says she is his daughter or literally 'of Dragoljub'). However, in the past, unmarried Serbian women's surnames ended in -eva, while married Serbian women's surnames ended in -ka.

====Turkish<!--Turkish not Turkic: see talk page-->====
{{main|Turkish name}}
In [[Turkish language|Turkish]], the [[suffix]]es used to indicate paternal ancestry are ''[[:wikt:oğul|-oğlu]]'' and ''[[:wikt:zadeh|-zade]]'', which indicate the ancestry as coming from a certain man. Like many other patronymics in other languages, with the formalization of naming conventions by laws in the [[late modern history|late modern]] [[Contemporary history|contemporary age]] many turned into surnames. After the '[[Surname Law|Surname revolution]]' in 1934, many people chose professions or habitat as surnames with or without the suffix ''-oğlu'', such as ''Elbeyioğlu'', ''Bakkaloğlu'' or ''Giritlioğlu'' and with ''-zade'' such as ''[[Begzada|Beyzade]]'', ''Mehmedzade'', ''Yusufzade''.

====Ukrainian====
{{main|Ukrainian name}}
In [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], the female patronymic always ends with -{{Lang|uk|івна}} (-''ivna'') or -{{Lang|uk|ївна}} (-''yivna'').<ref name=LPUkraine/> The male patronymic always ends with -{{Lang|uk|ович}} (-''ovych'') or -{{Lang|uk|йович}} (-''yovych'').<ref name="LPUkraine">[https://books.google.com/books?id=MUmCGXMhQuYC&pg=PA52 Ukrainian:Lonely Planet Phrasebook] by [[Marko Pavlyshyn]], [[Lonely Planet]], 2002, {{ISBN|978-1-74104-605-2}} (page 52)</ref> Exception: ''Illia'' ({{Lang|uk|Ілля}}) → ''Illich'' ({{Lang|uk|Ілліч}}) (e.g. [[Élie Metchnikoff|Illia Illich Mechnikov]]), ''Sava'' ({{Lang|uk|Сава}}) → ''Savych'' ({{Lang|uk|Савич}}), ''Yakiv'' ({{Lang|uk|Яків}}) → ''Yakovych'' ({{Lang|uk|Якович}}).<ref>Потелло Н. Я. Теорія і практика ділового мовлення: Навч. посібник.— К.: МАУП, 1999.— 132 с.— Бібліогр.: с. 129.</ref>

Patronyms are part of the full name and are obligatory in formal messages. They are frequent in common speech, such as to call a person in a respectful manner (by using the name, followed by the patronym) and to accent an informal message in formal environments, as between colleagues with good relationships at work (by using the patronym with neither the name nor the family name).