Editing Paris (section)

===Literature===
{{Main|Writers in Paris}}
[[File:Victor Hugo by Étienne Carjat 1876 - full.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.75|[[Victor Hugo]]]]
The first book printed in France, ''Epistolae'' ("Letters"), by [[Gasparinus de Bergamo]] (Gasparino da Barzizza), was published in Paris in 1470 by the press established by [[Johann Heynlin]]. Since then, Paris has been the centre of the French publishing industry, the home of some of the world's best-known writers and poets, and the setting for many classic works of French literature. Paris did not become the acknowledged capital of French literature until the 17th century, with authors such as [[Nicolas Boileau|Boileau]], [[Pierre Corneille|Corneille]], [[La Fontaine]], [[Molière]], [[Jean Racine|Racine]], [[Charles Perrault]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k108017c.r=Labyrinte+de+Versailles+Perrault.langEN |title=scan of the book at the Bibliothèque nationale de France |publisher=Gallica.bnf.fr |date=15 October 2007 |access-date=24 March 2014 |archive-date=12 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130612140924/http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k108017c.r=Labyrinte+de+Versailles+Perrault.langEN |url-status=live}}</ref> several coming from the provinces, as well as the foundation of the {{Lang|fr|[[Académie française]]|italic=no}}.{{sfn|Fierro|1996|p=488}} In the 18th century, the literary life of Paris revolved around the cafés and salons; it was dominated by [[Voltaire]], [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]], [[Pierre de Marivaux]] and [[Pierre Beaumarchais]].

During the 19th century, Paris was the home and subject for some of France's greatest writers, including [[Charles Baudelaire]], [[Stéphane Mallarmé]], [[Mérimée]], [[Alfred de Musset]], [[Marcel Proust]], [[Émile Zola]], [[Alexandre Dumas]], [[Gustave Flaubert]], [[Guy de Maupassant]] and [[Honoré de Balzac]]. Victor Hugo's ''[[The Hunchback of Notre-Dame]]'' inspired the renovation of its setting, the [[Notre-Dame de Paris]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.adoremus.org/1099-Rose.html |title=Notre Dame Renovations |access-date=4 July 2013 |publisher=Adoremus Organization |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207134139/http://www.adoremus.org/1099-Rose.html |archive-date=7 February 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> Another of Victor Hugo's works, ''[[Les Misérables]]'', described the social change and political turmoil in Paris in the early 1830s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/135/135-h/135-h.htm |title=Les Miserables |work=Preface |date=1862 |access-date= 4 July 2013 |publisher=Gutenberg Organization |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131011091018/http://www.gutenberg.org/files/135/135-h/135-h.htm |archive-date= 11 October 2013 |url-status= live}}</ref> One of the most popular of all French writers, [[Jules Verne]], worked at the Theatre Lyrique and the Paris stock exchange, while he did research for his stories at the National Library.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jules Verne |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jules-Verne |access-date=18 April 2024 |work=Encyclopaedia Britannica}}</ref>

In the 20th century, the Paris literary community was dominated by figures such as [[Colette]], [[André Gide]], [[François Mauriac]], [[André Malraux]], [[Albert Camus]], and, after World War II, by [[Simone de Beauvoir]] and [[Jean-Paul Sartre]]. Between the wars it was the home of many important expatriate writers, including [[Ernest Hemingway]], [[Samuel Beckett]], [[Miguel Ángel Asturias]], [[Alejo Carpentier]] and, [[Arturo Uslar Pietri]]. The winner of the 2014 [[Nobel Prize in Literature]], [[Patrick Modiano]], based most of his literary work on the depiction of the city during World War II and the 1960s–1970s.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2014/bio-bibl.html |title=Official site of the Nobel Prize |access-date=24 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216224108/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2014/bio-bibl.html |archive-date=16 December 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Paris is a city of books and bookstores. In the 1970s, 80 percent of French-language publishing houses were found in Paris.{{sfn|Fierro|1996|p=840}} It is also a city of small bookstores. There are about 150 bookstores in the 5th arrondissement alone, plus another 250 book stalls along the Seine. Small Paris bookstores are protected against competition from discount booksellers by French law; books, even e-books, cannot be discounted more than five percent below their publisher's cover price.<ref>"The French Still Flock to Bookstores", ''New York Times'', 20 June 2012</ref>