Editing Pakistan (section)

=== Science and technology ===
{{Main|Science and technology in Pakistan|List of Pakistani inventions and discoveries}}
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| image1            = Abdus Salam 1987.jpg
| caption1          = [[Abdus Salam]] won the 1979 [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] for his contribution to [[electroweak interaction]]. He was the first Muslim to win a Nobel prize in science.
| caption2          = [[Atta ur Rahman (scientist)|Atta-ur-Rahman]] won the [[UNESCO Science Prize]] for pioneering contributions in chemistry in 1999, the first Muslim to win it.
| image2            = Atta-Ur-Rahman (cropped).jpg
| caption3          = [[Salimuzzaman Siddiqui]] was a Pakistani organic chemist who pioneered research on pharmacology use of various domestic plants. He was a member of the [[Royal Society]].
| image3            = <!-- [[WP:NFCC]] violation: Salimuzzaman.jpg -->
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| caption4          = [[Mahbub ul Haq]] was a Pakistani game theorist whose work led to the [[Human Development Index]]. He had a profound effect on the field of [[international development]].
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Developments in [[Science and technology in Pakistan|science and technology]] have played a significant role in Pakistan's infrastructure, linking the nation to the global community.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ministry of Science and Technology |title=National Science, Technology and Innovation Policy 2012 |url=http://most.comsatshosting.com/%5CPolicies%5CNational%20Science,%20Technology%20and%20Innovation%20Policy%202012.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Science and Technology|access-date=3 February 2015}}</ref> Each year, the [[Pakistan Academy of Sciences]] and the government invite scientists worldwide to the [[International Nathiagali Summer College on Physics]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Address by Prime Minister |website=Press Information Department (Government of Pakistan) |format=DOC |url=http://www.pid.gov.pk/pm%20address%20on%2027-6-2011.doc |access-date=24 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112161844/http://www.pid.gov.pk/pm%20address%20on%2027-6-2011.doc |archive-date=12 January 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2005, Pakistan hosted an international seminar on "Physics in Developing Countries" for the International Year of Physics.<ref>{{cite book |editor1=Hameed A. Khan |editor2=M. M. Qurashi |editor3=Tajammul Hussain |editor4=Irfan Hayee |date=April 2006 |title=Physics in Developing Countries&nbsp;– Past, Present & Future |series=COMSATS' Series of Publications on Science and Technology |volume=8 |publisher=Commission on Science and Technology for Sustainable Development in the South |url=http://www.comsats.org/Publications/Books_SnT_Series/08.%20Physics%20in%20Developing%20Countries%20-%20Past,%20Present%20and%20Future%20(April%202006).pdf |page=9 |access-date=1 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120524011938/http://www.comsats.org/Publications/Books_SnT_Series/08.%20Physics%20in%20Developing%20Countries%20-%20Past,%20Present%20and%20Future%20(April%202006).pdf |archive-date=24 May 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> Pakistani theoretical physicist [[Abdus Salam]] won a [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] for his work on the [[electroweak interaction]].<ref>{{Cite journal |title=1979 Nobel Prize in Physics |journal=Science |volume=206 |issue=4424 |pages=1290–1292 |bibcode=1979Sci...206.1290C |last1=Coleman |first1=Sidney |year=1979 |doi=10.1126/science.206.4424.1290 |pmid=17799637}}</ref> Pakistani scientists have made notable contributions in mathematics, biology, economics, [[computer science]], and [[genetics]].<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Mian |editor-first1=Zia |editor-last2=Kothari |editor-first2=Smitu |title=Out of the nuclear shadow |date=2001 |publisher=Zed |location=London |isbn=978-1-84277-059-7}}</ref>

In [[chemistry]], [[Salimuzzaman Siddiqui]] identified the medicinal properties of the [[neem]] tree's components.{{sfn|Muniapan|Shaikh|2007}}<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://technologytimes.pk/documents/mag/PDF_Old/Vol02-Issue11.pdf |title=The scientist who painted: Dr. Salimuzzaman Siddiqui |magazine=Technology Times |publisher=Mediaventures |location=Islamabad |date=14 March 2011 |volume=II |issue=11 |page=3 |access-date=18 March 2020 |archive-date=10 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120710192902/http://technologytimes.pk/documents/mag/PDF_Old/Vol02-Issue11.pdf |url-status=dead }}<br />- {{cite web |last=Ahmed |first=Irshad |date=29 October 2013 |url=https://www.academia.edu/2425893 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130506031535/http://www.academia.edu/2425893/Using_RP_Model_to_Solve_the_Current_Challenges_of_PAKISTAN |archive-date=6 May 2013 |title=Using RP Model to solve Current Challenges of Pakistan by PHd Scholar Irshad Ahmed Sumra |via=Academia.edu |access-date=20 April 2013 }}</ref> [[Ayub K. Ommaya]] developed the [[Ommaya reservoir]] for treating brain conditions.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Leonidas C. Goudas |display-authors=etal |year=1999 |title=Decreases in Cerebrospinal Fluid Glutathione Levels after Intracerebroventricular Morphine for Cancer Pain |journal=Anesthesia & Analgesia |volume=89 |issue=5 |page=1209 |publisher=International Anesthesia Research Society |doi=10.1213/00000539-199911000-00023 |url=http://www.anesthesia-analgesia.org/cgi/content/full/89/5/1209|access-date=1 January 2012|doi-access=free }}</ref> Scientific research is integral to [[Pakistani universities]], national laboratories, [[science park]]s, and the [[Industry of Pakistan|industry]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Osama |first1=Athar |last2=Najam |first2=Adil |last3=Kassim-Lakha |first3=Shamsh |last4=Zulfiqar Gilani |first4=Syed |last5=King |first5=Christopher |title=Pakistan's reform experiment |journal=Nature |date=3 September 2009 |volume=461 |issue=7260 |pages=38–39 |doi=10.1038/461038a |pmid=19727184 |s2cid=205048760 |bibcode=2009Natur.461...38O}}</ref> [[Abdul Qadeer Khan]] spearheaded Pakistan's [[Enriched uranium|HEU]]-based [[Zippe-type centrifuge|gas-centrifuge]] [[uranium enrichment]] program for its [[Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction|atomic bomb project]].<ref>{{cite web |last=(IISS) |first=International Institute for Strategic Studies |author-link=International Institute for Strategic Studies |title=Bhutto was father of Pakistan's Atom Bomb Program |publisher=International Institute for Strategic Studies |year=2006 |url=http://www.iiss.org/whats-new/iiss-in-the-press/press-coverage-2007/may-2007/bhutto-was-father-of-pakistani-bomb/?locale=en |access-date=24 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314025504/http://www.iiss.org/whats-new/iiss-in-the-press/press-coverage-2007/may-2007/bhutto-was-father-of-pakistani-bomb/?locale=en |archive-date=14 March 2012}}</ref> He established the [[Kahuta Research Laboratories]] (KRL) in 1976, serving as both its senior scientist and the Director-General until his retirement in 2001. Besides atomic bomb project, he made significant contributions in [[Morphology (biology)|molecular morphology]], physical [[martensite]], and their applications in [[Condensed matter physics|condensed]] and [[material physics]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/16/world/asia/16chron-khan.html?pagewanted=all |access-date=24 July 2015 |title=Chronology: A.Q. Khan |newspaper=The New York Times |date=16 April 2006}}</ref>

In 2023, Pakistan ranked 26th globally in published scientific papers.<ref>{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date= |title=SJR - International Science Ranking |url=https://www.scimagojr.com/countryrank.php?order=itp&ord=desc&year=2023 |access-date=26 March 2025 |work=}}</ref> The influential [[Pakistan Academy of Sciences]] guides the government on science policies.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.paspk.org/Introduction-to-the-Academy-19 |title=Introduction to the Academy |publisher=Introduction of the Academy |access-date=16 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219233435/http://www.paspk.org/Introduction-to-the-Academy-19 |archive-date=19 February 2015}}</ref> Pakistan was ranked 91st in the [[Global Innovation Index]] by 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Innovation Index 2024 : Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship |url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2024/en/ |access-date=29 November 2024 |website=www.wipo.int |language=en}}</ref>

The 1960s marked the rise of Pakistan's space program, led by [[Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission|SUPARCO]], yielding advancements in [[rocket]]ry, [[Electronics Engineering|electronics]], and [[aeronomy]]. Notably, Pakistan launched its [[Rehbar-I|first rocket]] into space, pioneering South Asia's space exploration.<ref>{{cite web |title=History of SUPARCO |url=http://www.suparco.gov.pk/pages/history.asp |publisher=SUPARCO |access-date=24 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080417192331/http://www.suparco.gov.pk/pages/history.asp |archive-date=17 April 2008}}</ref> In 1990, it successfully launched its [[Badr-1|first satellite]], becoming the first Muslim nation and second in South Asia to achieve this milestone.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=chtAqyOp9OEC&pg=PA46|title=Asian Space Race: Rhetoric or Reality? |last=Lele |first=Ajey |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |year=2012 |isbn=978-81-322-0733-7|page=46|quote=Headquartered in SUPARCO headquarters, Karachi, it has been responsible directly and indirectly for the fabrication, processing and launch of the Muslim Ummah's first experimental satellite, Badr-1. It was a historical event not only for the people of Pakistan but also for the entire Muslim Ummah as it was the first satellite built by any Islamic country based on indigenous resources and manpower.}}<br />- {{cite web |title=The Launching of Badr-I |website=Aero Space Guide |url=http://www.aerospaceguide.net/worldspace/pakistan.html |access-date=24 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202005559/http://www.aerospaceguide.net/worldspace/pakistan.html |archive-date=2 February 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

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| quote = Pakistan witnessed a fourfold increase in its scientific productivity in the past decade surging from approximately 2,000 articles per year in 2006 to more than 9,000 articles in 2015. Making Pakistan's cited article's higher than the [[BRIC (economics term)|BRIC]] countries put together.
| source = —[[Thomson Reuters]]'s Another BRIC in the Wall 2016 report<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1183999/notch-pakistani-articles-cited-brics-put-together-says-report/ |title=Pakistani articles 'cited more than BRICs put together', says report |website=Tribune|access-date=September 19, 2016|date=2016-09-19 }}</ref>
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Following the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|1971 war with India]], Pakistan hastily developed [[nuclear weapon|atomic weapons]] to deter foreign intervention and entered the [[atomic age]].<ref name="United Book Press.">{{cite book |title=Pakistan : between mosque and military |date=2005 |last1=Haqqani |first1=Husain |publisher=United Book Press. |location=Washington, DC |isbn=978-0-87003-214-1 |edition=1. print. |chapter=§Chapter 3 |quote=The trauma was extremely severe in Pakistan when the news of secession of East Pakistan as Bangladesh arrived—a psychological setback, complete and humiliating defeat that shattered the prestige of Pakistan Armed Forces. |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/pakistanbetweenm00haqq }}</ref> Tensions with India led to Pakistan's [[List of nuclear weapons tests of Pakistan|1998 underground]] [[Chagai-I|nuclear tests]], making it the [[Nuclear club|seventh country]] to possess such weapons.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://fas.org/nuke/guide/pakistan/nuke/index.html |title=Pakistan Nuclear Weapons |publisher=Federation of American Scientists|access-date=22 February 2007}}</ref>

Pakistan is the sole Muslim nation active in Antarctica research, maintaining its [[Pakistan Antarctic Programme|Jinnah Antarctic Research Station]] since 1992.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sayar |first=M.A. |date=April–June 1995 |title=Should We Exploit The Last Wilderness? |url=http://www.fountainmagazine.com/Issue/detail/Should-We-Exploit-The-Last-Wilderness |journal=The Fountain Magazine |access-date=9 February 2016 |quote=Pakistan became the first Muslim country to send an official expedition to Antarctica. Pakistan in 1992, established its Jinnah Antarctic Research Station. |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215200726/http://www.fountainmagazine.com/Issue/detail/Should-We-Exploit-The-Last-Wilderness}}<br />- {{Cite journal |year=1991 |title=Huge Oil Deposits Located Near Coast |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PMjsAAAAMAAJ|journal=Economic Review |volume=22|quote=To a question Dr. Farah said, Pakistan was the first country to carry out research and establish its station at the same time in Antarctica.}}<br />- {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kx1AAAAAIAAJ |title=Pakistan's Scientific Expeditions to Antarctica |last1=Farah |first1=Abul |last2=Rizvi |first2=S.H. Niaz |publisher=National Institute of Oceanography |year=1995|page=15 |quote=Pakistan's presence in Antarctica also appears imperative as none of the Muslim countries seem to be in a position to undertake research there.}}<br />- {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kx1AAAAAIAAJ |title=Pakistan's Scientific Expeditions to Antarctica |last1=Farah |first1=Abul |last2=Rizvi |first2=S.H. Niaz |publisher=National Institute of Oceanography |year=1995|page=17 |quote=We have already taken the lead amongst the Muslim countries by launching our first expedition in 1990–1991 with an investment of large funds and national talent towards Antarctic research.}}<br />- {{Cite journal |year=1992 |title=News Bulletin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vK0eAQAAIAAJ |journal=National Institute of Oceanography (Pakistan) |volume=7 |page=1 |quote=This makes Pakistan the first Muslim country to undertake Antarctic Expedition and to establish a research station in Antarctica.}}</ref> The government invests heavily in [[Information technology in Pakistan|information technology]] projects, focusing on e-government and infrastructure.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/432124/govt-to-spend-rs4-6b-on-it-projects/ |title=Govt to spend Rs4.6b on IT projects |work=Express Tribune |date=6 September 2012|access-date=6 September 2012}}</ref>