Editing Oxycodone (section)

===Legal status===
Oxycodone is subject to international conventions on narcotic drugs. In addition, oxycodone is subject to national laws that differ by country. The 1931 [[Convention for Limiting the Manufacture and Regulating the Distribution of Narcotic Drugs]] of the [[League of Nations]] included oxycodone.<ref>{{cite web |author=League of Nations |title=Convention for limiting the manufacture and regulating the distribution of narcotic drugs |year=1931 |url=http://treaties.un.org/doc/Treaties/1931/07/19310713%2006-44%20AM/Ch_VI_8_ap.pdf |access-date=4 April 2009 |archive-date=3 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120603203403/http://treaties.un.org/doc/Treaties/1931/07/19310713%2006-44%20AM/Ch_VI_8_ap.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The 1961 [[Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs]] of the [[United Nations]], which replaced the 1931 convention, categorized oxycodone in Schedule I.<ref name="SingleConvention">{{cite web |title=United Nations conference for the adoption of a single convention on narcotic drugs. Final act |year=1961 |url=http://treaties.un.org/doc/Treaties/1964/12/19641213%2002-14%20AM/Ch_VI_15p.pdf |access-date=4 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110817062450/http://treaties.un.org/doc/Treaties/1964/12/19641213%2002-14%20AM/Ch_VI_15p.pdf |archive-date=17 August 2011 }}</ref> Global restrictions on Schedule I drugs include "limit[ing] exclusively to medical and scientific purposes the production, manufacture, export, import, distribution of, trade in, use and possession of" these drugs; "requir[ing] medical prescriptions for the supply or dispensation of [these] drugs to individuals"; and "prevent[ing] the accumulation" of quantities of these drugs "in excess of those required for the normal conduct of business".<ref name="SingleConvention" />

==== Australia ====
Oxycodone is in Schedule I (derived from the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs) of the Commonwealth's Narcotic Drugs Act 1967.<ref>{{cite web |author=Commonwealth of Australia |title=Narcotic Drugs Act 1967 – first schedule |publisher=Australasian Legal Information Institute |url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/nda1967160/sch1.html |access-date=6 April 2009 |archive-date=24 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100624044036/http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/nda1967160/sch1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In addition, it is in Schedule 8 of the Australian Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Drugs and Poisons ("Poisons Standard"), meaning it is a "controlled drug... which should be available for use but require[s] restriction of manufacture, supply, distribution, possession and use to reduce abuse, misuse and physical or psychological dependence".<ref>{{cite book |author=Australian Government. Department of Health and Aging. Therapeutic Goods Administration |title=Standard for the uniform scheduling of drugs and poisons no. 23 |url=http://www.comlaw.gov.au/ComLaw/Legislation/LegislativeInstrument1.nsf/0/3BBB39C4645284BCCA2574A6001C711F/$file/PoisonsStandard2008.pdf |publisher=Commonwealth of Australia |location=Canberra |isbn=978-1-74186-596-7 |date=June 2008 |access-date=6 April 2009 |archive-date=19 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090419080155/http://www.comlaw.gov.au/ComLaw/Legislation/LegislativeInstrument1.nsf/0/3BBB39C4645284BCCA2574A6001C711F/$file/PoisonsStandard2008.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Canada ====
Oxycodone is a controlled substance under Schedule I of the [[Controlled Drugs and Substances Act]] (CDSA).<ref name="CanadaCDSA">{{cite web |last=Canada Department of Justice |title=Controlled Drugs and Substances Act (1996, c. 19) |date=27 February 2009 |url=http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/ShowFullDoc/cs/C-38.8///en |access-date=23 March 2009 |archive-date=5 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605062114/http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/ShowFullDoc/cs/C-38.8///en |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[File:Oxycocet.jpg|thumb|Canadian oxycodone HCL/acetaminophen 5/325 mg tablet]]

In February 2012, Ontario passed legislation to allow the expansion of an already existing drug-tracking system for publicly funded drugs to include those that are privately insured. This database will function to identify and monitor patient's attempts to seek prescriptions from multiple doctors or retrieve them from multiple pharmacies. Other provinces have proposed similar legislation, while some, such as Nova Scotia, have legislation already in effect for monitoring prescription drug use. These changes have coincided with other changes in Ontario's legislation to target the misuse of painkillers and high addiction rates to drugs such as oxycodone. As of 29 February 2012, Ontario passed legislation delisting oxycodone from the province's public drug benefit program. This was a first for any province to delist a drug based on addictive properties. The new law prohibits prescriptions for OxyNeo except to certain patients under the Exceptional Access Program including palliative care and in other extenuating circumstances. Patients already prescribed oxycodone will receive coverage for an additional year for OxyNeo, and after that, it will be disallowed unless designated under the exceptional access program.<ref>Olgilvie, Megan. [https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/article/1133247--ontario-to-delist-oxycontin-and-its-substitute-from-drug-benefit-program "Ontario delisting OxyContin and its substitute from drug benefit program"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623022441/http://www.thestar.com/news/canada/article/1133247--ontario-to-delist-oxycontin-and-its-substitute-from-drug-benefit-program |date=23 June 2012 }} Toronto Star (17 February 2012)</ref>

Much of the legislative activity has stemmed from Purdue Pharma's decision in 2011 to begin a modification of OxyContin's composition to make it more difficult to crush for snorting or injecting. The new formulation, OxyNeo, is intended to be preventive in this regard and retain its effectiveness as a painkiller. Since introducing its ''Narcotics Safety and Awareness Act'', Ontario has committed to focusing on drug addiction, particularly in the monitoring and identification of problem opioid prescriptions, as well as the education of patients, doctors, and pharmacists.<ref>[http://www.health.gov.on.ca/en/public/programs/drugs/ons/ons_legislation.aspx Narcotics Safety and Awareness Act] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607162003/http://health.gov.on.ca/en/public/programs/drugs/ons/ons_legislation.aspx |date=7 June 2020 }}. 2010. Ministry of Health and Long Term Care.</ref> This Act, introduced in 2010, commits to the establishment of a unified database to fulfil this intention.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 February 2012 |url=http://healthydebate.ca/2011/02/_mailpress_mailing_list_healthydebate-news/opioids | vauthors = Dhalla I, Born K |website=healthydebate.ca |title=Opioids |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150321100652/http://healthydebate.ca/2011/02/_mailpress_mailing_list_healthydebate-news/opioids |archive-date=21 March 2015 }}</ref> Both the public and medical community have received the legislation positively, though concerns about the ramifications of legal changes have been expressed. Because laws are largely provincially regulated, many speculate a national strategy is needed to prevent smuggling across provincial borders from jurisdictions with looser restrictions.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2012/02/20/ontario-oxycontin-rules-national-regulations_n_1288375.html | title = Ontario OxyContin Rules: New Restrictions Applauded But National Rules Needed | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200923061253/https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2012/02/20/ontario-oxycontin-rules-national-regulations_n_1288375.html | archive-date=23 September 2020 | work = Huffington Post. Canadian Press | date = 20 February 2012 }}</ref>

In 2015, Purdue Pharma's abuse-resistant OxyNEO and six generic versions of OxyContin had been on the Canada-wide approved list for prescriptions since 2012. In June 2015, then-federal Minister of Health Rona Ambrose announced that within three years, all oxycodone products sold in Canada would need to be tamper-resistant. Some experts warned that the generic product manufacturers may not have the technology to achieve that goal, possibly giving Purdue Pharma a monopoly on this opiate.<ref>{{cite news |vauthors=Weeks C, Howlett K |date=4 August 2015 |title=New oxycodone rules would give drug maker a monopoly in Canada, experts warn |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/new-oxycodone-rules-would-give-drug-maker-a-monoply-in-canada-experts-warn/article25820214/ |newspaper=Globe and Mail |location=Toronto, Ontario |access-date=15 December 2015 |archive-date=22 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222143809/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/new-oxycodone-rules-would-give-drug-maker-a-monoply-in-canada-experts-warn/article25820214/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Several class-action suits across Canada have been launched against the Purdue group of companies and affiliates. Claimants argue the pharmaceutical manufacturers did not meet a standard of care and were negligent in doing so. These lawsuits reference earlier judgments in the United States, which held that Purdue was liable for wrongful marketing practices and misbranding. Since 2007, the Purdue companies have paid over CAN$650 million in settling litigation or facing criminal fines.<!-- <ref>Martin, Kevin. {{usurped|1=[https://archive.today/20120709211050/http://chealth.canoe.ca/channel_health_news_details.asp?channel_id=131&relation_id=1883&news_channel_id=131&news_id=26055&rid Lawsuit attacks OxyContin use]}}. C-Health. Sun Media (8 August 2008)</ref> This article is about alcohol use disorder. -->

==== Germany ====
The drug is in Appendix III of the Narcotics Act (''[[Betäubungsmittelgesetz]]'' or BtMG).<ref name="GermanNarcoticsAct">{{cite web|author=German Federal Ministry of Justice|title=Act on the circulation of narcotics (Narcotics Act – BtMG)|date=19 January 2009|language=de|url=http://bundesrecht.juris.de/btmg_1981/BJNR106810981.html|access-date=6 April 2009|archive-date=1 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090301050758/http://bundesrecht.juris.de/btmg_1981/BJNR106810981.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The law allows only physicians, dentists, and veterinarians to prescribe oxycodone and the federal government to regulate the prescriptions (e.g., by requiring reporting).<ref name="GermanNarcoticsAct" />

==== Hong Kong ====
Oxycodone is regulated under Part I of Schedule 1 of Hong Kong's Chapter 134 Dangerous Drugs Ordinance.<ref name="HKOrdinance">{{cite web|author=Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China|title=Dangerous drugs ordinance – chapter 134|publisher=Hong Kong Legal Information Institute |url=http://www.hklii.org/hk/legis/en/ord/cur/134.txt|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071215204612/http://www.hklii.org/hk/legis/en/ord/cur/134.txt |url-status=dead|archive-date=15 December 2007|access-date=8 April 2009}}</ref>

==== Japan ====
Oxycodone is a restricted drug in Japan. Its import and export are strictly restricted to specially designated organizations having a prior permit to import it. In a high-profile case an American who was a top Toyota executive living in Tokyo, who claimed to be unaware of the law, was arrested for importing oxycodone into Japan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.japantoday.com/category/crime/view/toyotas-american-pr-chief-arrested-on-suspected-drug-violation|title=Toyota's American PR chief arrested for suspected drug violation|date=19 June 2015 |access-date=11 February 2018|archive-date=24 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424223427/http://www.japantoday.com/category/crime/view/toyotas-american-pr-chief-arrested-on-suspected-drug-violation|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/money/topstocks/toyota-american-exec-did-not-intend-to-break-japan-law/ar-AAbP7OC|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150619204445/http://www.msn.com/en-us/money/topstocks/toyota-american-exec-did-not-intend-to-break-japan-law/ar-AAbP7OC|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 June 2015|title=Toyota: American exec did not intend to break Japan law|website=[[MSN]]|access-date=11 February 2018}}</ref>

==== Singapore ====
Oxycodone is listed as a Class A drug in the [[Misuse of Drugs Act (Singapore)|Misuse of Drugs Act]] of Singapore, which means offences concerning the drug attract the most severe level of punishment. A conviction for unauthorized manufacture of the drug attracts a [[mandatory sentencing|minimum sentence]] of 10 years of imprisonment and [[caning in Singapore|corporal punishment]] of 5 strokes of the cane, and a maximum sentence of life imprisonment or 30 years of imprisonment and 15 strokes of the cane.<ref>{{Singapore legislation|title=Misuse of Drugs Act|cap=185|ed=2008}} (Singapore), section 6(1).</ref> The minimum and maximum penalties for unauthorized trafficking in the drug are respectively 5 years of imprisonment and 5 strokes of the cane, and 20 years of imprisonment and 15 strokes of the cane.<ref>Misuse of Drugs Act (Singapore), section 5(1).</ref>

==== United Kingdom ====
Oxycodone is a Class A drug under the [[Misuse of Drugs Act 1971]].<ref name="UKAct">{{cite web|url=http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/documents/cdlist.pdf?view=Binary|title=List of drugs currently controlled under the Misuse of Drugs legislation|year=2009|publisher=UK. Home Office|access-date=8 April 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205105239/http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/documents/cdlist.pdf?view=Binary|archive-date=5 February 2007}}</ref> For Class A drugs, which are "considered to be the most likely to cause harm", possession without a prescription is punishable by up to seven years in prison, an unlimited fine, or both.<ref name="UKClassABC">{{cite web |url=http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/drugs/drugs-law/Class-a-b-c/ |title=Class A, B and C drugs |publisher=UK. Home Office |access-date=8 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070804233232/http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/drugs/drugs-law/Class-a-b-c/ |archive-date=4 August 2007 }}</ref> Dealing of the drug illegally is punishable by up to life imprisonment, an unlimited fine, or both.<ref name="UKClassABC" /> Oxycodone is a Schedule 2 drug under the Misuse of Drugs Regulations 2001 which "provide certain exemptions from the provisions of the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971".<ref name="UKRegs">{{cite web|url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si2001/20013998.htm|title=Statutory instrument 2001 No. 3998. The Misuse of Drugs regulations 2001|publisher=UK. Office of Public Sector Information|access-date=8 April 2009|archive-date=18 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090418213845/http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si2001/20013998.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== United States ====
Under the Controlled Substances Act, oxycodone is a [[List of Schedule II drugs|Schedule II controlled substance]] whether by itself or part of a multi-ingredient medication.<ref>{{cite web |last1=DEA |title=Controlled substance scheduling |url=http://www.dea.gov/druginfo/ds.shtml |website=Drug information and scheduling |publisher=Drug Enforcement Administration |access-date=23 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121093241/http://www.dea.gov/druginfo/ds.shtml |archive-date=21 November 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Drug Enforcement Administration]] (DEA) lists oxycodone both for sale and for use in manufacturing other opioids as ACSCN 9143 and in 2013 approved the following annual aggregate manufacturing quotas: 131.5 metric tons for sale, down from 153.75 in 2012, and 10.25 metric tons for conversion, unchanged from the previous year.<ref name=Examples>{{cite web |title=DEA Diversion Control CSA |url=http://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/schedules/ |publisher=US Dept of Justice – DEA |access-date=23 May 2013 |archive-date=16 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516164501/http://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/schedules/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2020, oxycodone possession was decriminalized in the U.S. state of [[Oregon]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://apnews.com/article/oregon-first-decriminalizing-hard-drugs-01edca37c776c9ea8bfd4afdd7a7a33e|title=Oregon leads the way in decriminalizing hard drugs|work=The Associated Press|vauthors=Selsky A|date=4 November 2020|access-date=7 November 2020|archive-date=13 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813035025/https://apnews.com/article/oregon-first-decriminalizing-hard-drugs-01edca37c776c9ea8bfd4afdd7a7a33e|url-status=live}}</ref>