Editing Nationalism (section)

=== Civic and liberal ===
{{main|Civic nationalism}}
Civic nationalism defines the nation as an association of people who identify themselves as belonging to the nation, who have equal and shared political rights, and allegiance to similar political procedures.<ref name="blackwell">{{cite book| last = Nash | first = Kate| title = The Blackwell companion to political sociology| page = 391| date = 2001| publisher = Wiley-Blackwell| isbn = 978-0631210504}}</ref> According to the principles of civic nationalism, the nation is not based on common ethnic ancestry, but is a political entity whose core identity is not ethnicity. This civic concept of nationalism is exemplified by [[Ernest Renan]] in his lecture in 1882 "[[What is a Nation?]]", where he defined the nation as a "daily referendum" (frequently translated "daily [[plebiscite]]") dependent on the will of its people to continue living together.<ref name="blackwell"/>

Civic nationalism is normally associated with [[liberal nationalism]], although the two are distinct, and did not always coincide. On the one hand, until the late 19th and early 20th century adherents to anti-Enlightenment movements such as French [[Legitimism]] or Spanish [[Carlism]] often rejected the liberal, national unitary state, yet identified themselves not with an ethnic nation but with a non-national dynasty and regional feudal privileges. Xenophobic movements in long-established Western European states indeed often took a 'civic national' form, rejecting a given group's ability to assimilate with the nation due to its belonging to a cross-border community (Irish Catholics in Britain, Ashkenazic Jews in France). On the other hand, while subnational separatist movements were commonly associated with ethnic nationalism, this was not always so, and such nationalists as the [[Corsican Republic]], [[United Irishmen]], [[Breton Federalist League]] or [[Catalan Republican Party]] could combine a rejection of the unitary civic-national state with a belief in liberal universalism.

Liberal nationalism is commonly considered to be compatible with [[liberal values]] of [[Freedom (political)|freedom]], [[Toleration|tolerance]], [[Egalitarianism|equality]], and [[individual rights]].<ref>Tamir, Yael. 1993. ''Liberal Nationalism.'' Princeton University Press. {{ISBN|0691078939}}</ref>{{sfn|Kymlicka|1995|p=200}}<ref>{{harvnb|Miller|1995|pp=188–189}}</ref> [[Ernest Renan]]<ref>Renan, Ernest. 1882. [http://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Qu%27est-ce_qu%27une_nation_%3F "Qu'est-ce qu'une nation?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428090814/https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Qu%27est-ce_qu%27une_nation_ |date=28 April 2021 }}</ref> and [[John Stuart Mill]]<ref>Mill, John Stuart. 1861. ''Considerations on Representative Government.''</ref> are often thought to be early liberal nationalists. Liberal nationalists often defend the value of national identity by saying that individuals need a national identity to lead meaningful, autonomous lives,{{sfn|Kymlicka|1995|p=34}}<ref>For criticism, see: {{cite journal | last1 = Patten | first1 = Alan | year = 1999 | title = The Autonomy Argument for Liberal Nationalism | journal = [[Nations and Nationalism (journal)|Nations and Nationalism]] | volume = 5 | issue = 1| pages = 1–17 | doi=10.1111/j.1354-5078.1999.00001.x}}</ref> and that liberal democratic polities need national identity to function properly.<ref>{{harvnb|Miller|1995|p=136}}</ref><ref>For criticism, see: {{cite journal | last1 = Abizadeh | first1 = Arash | year = 2002 | title = Does Liberal Democracy Presuppose a Cultural Nation? Four Arguments | url = http://abizadeh.wix.com/arash#!Article-Does-Liberal-Democracy-Presuppose-a-Cultural-Nation/c22zv/558da7580cf298ff2bcbdc82 | journal = American Political Science Review | volume = 96 | issue = 3 | pages = 495–509 | doi = 10.1017/s000305540200028x | s2cid = 145715867 | access-date = 8 July 2015 | archive-date = 7 August 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160807114607/http://abizadeh.wix.com/arash#!Article-Does-Liberal-Democracy-Presuppose-a-Cultural-Nation/c22zv/558da7580cf298ff2bcbdc82 | url-status = live }}; {{cite journal | last1 = Abizadeh | first1 = Arash | year = 2004 | title = Liberal Nationalist versus Postnational Social Integration | url = http://abizadeh.wix.com/arash#!Article-Liberal-Nationalist-vs-Postnational-Social-Integration/c22zv/558eaf0b0cf20d45521f9542 | journal = [[Nations and Nationalism (journal)|Nations and Nationalism]] | volume = 10 | issue = 3 | pages = 231–250 | doi = 10.1111/j.1354-5078.2004.00165.x | access-date = 8 July 2015 | archive-date = 7 August 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160807114607/http://abizadeh.wix.com/arash#!Article-Liberal-Nationalist-vs-Postnational-Social-Integration/c22zv/558eaf0b0cf20d45521f9542 | url-status = live }}</ref>

Civic nationalism lies within the traditions of [[rationalism]] and liberalism, but as a form of nationalism it is usually contrasted with [[ethnic nationalism]]. Civic nationalism is correlated with long-established states whose dynastic rulers had gradually acquired multiple distinct territories, with little change to boundaries, but which contained historical populations of multiple linguistic and/or confessional backgrounds. Since individuals living within different parts of the state territory might have little obvious common ground, civic nationalism developed as a way for rulers to both explain a contemporary reason for such heterogeneity and to provide a common purpose ([[Ernest Renan]]'s classic description in [[What is a Nation?]] (1882) as a voluntary partnership for a common endeavor). Renan argued that factors such as ethnicity, language, religion, economics, geography, ruling dynasty and historic military deeds were important but not sufficient. Needed was a spiritual soul that allowed as a "daily referendum" among the people.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Singley | first1 = Carol J. | year = 2003 | title = Race, Culture, Nation: Edith Wharton and Ernest Renan | journal = Twentieth Century Literature | volume = 49 | issue = 1| pages = 32–45 | doi=10.2307/3176007| jstor = 3176007 }}</ref> Civic-national ideals influenced the development of [[representative democracy]] in multiethnic countries such as the United States and France, as well as in constitutional monarchies such as Great Britain, Belgium and Spain.<ref name="google_2016_pg173"/>

[[File:2012 UPA March in Kiev.jpg|thumb|Ukrainian nationalists carry portraits of [[Stepan Bandera]] and flags of the [[Ukrainian Insurgent Army]].]]