Editing Naples (section)

== Culture ==
=== Art ===
[[File:Fergola, Salvatore The Inauguration of the Naples - Portici Railway, 1840.JPG|thumb|A [[Romantic art|Romantic]] painting by Salvatore Fergola showing the 1839 inauguration of the Naples-Portici railway line]]
Naples has long been a centre of art and architecture, dotted with Medieval-, Baroque- and Renaissance-era churches, castles and palaces. A critical factor in the development of the Neapolitan school of painting was Caravaggio's arrival in Naples in 1606. In the 18th century, Naples went through a period of [[neoclassicism]], following the discovery of the remarkably intact Roman ruins of [[Herculaneum]] and [[Pompeii]].

The [[Accademia di Belle Arti di Napoli|Neapolitan Academy of Fine Arts]], founded by [[Charles III of Spain|Charles III of Bourbon]] in 1752 as the Real Accademia di Disegno ([[English language|en]]: ''Royal Academy of Design''), was the centre of the artistic School of [[Posillipo]] in the 19th century. Artists such as [[Domenico Morelli]], [[Giacomo Di Chirico]], [[Francesco Saverio Altamura]] and [[Gioacchino Toma]] worked in Naples during this period, and many of their works are now exhibited in the academy's art collection. The modern Academy offers courses in painting, [[Interior design|decorating]], sculpture, design, [[Conservation-restoration|restoration]], and urban planning. Naples is also known for its theatres, which are among the oldest in Europe: the [[Teatro di San Carlo]] [[opera house]] dates back to the 18th century.

Naples is also the home of the artistic tradition of [[Capodimonte porcelain]]. In 1743, Charles of Bourbon founded the Royal Factory of Capodimonte, many of whose artworks are now on display in the [[Museum of Capodimonte]]. Several of Naples' mid-19th-century porcelain factories remain active today.

=== Cuisine ===
{{Main|Neapolitan cuisine|Neapolitan ice cream|Neapolitan pizza|Neapolitan ragù}}
[[File:Eq it-na pizza-margherita sep2005 sml.jpg|thumb|[[Neapolitan pizza]]. Pizza was invented in Naples.]]
[[File:Sfogliatelle on plate.jpg|thumb|[[Sfogliatelle]], a popular Neapolitan pastry dish]]

Naples is internationally famous for its [[Neapolitan cuisine|cuisine]] and wine; it draws culinary influences from the numerous cultures which have inhabited it throughout its history, including the [[Ancient Greece|Greeks]], Spanish and French. Neapolitan cuisine emerged as a distinct form in the 18th century. The ingredients are typically rich in taste while remaining affordable to the general populace.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.italianfoodforever.com/iff/articles.asp?id=55 |publisher=ItalianFoodForever.com |title=The Foods of Sicily – A Culinary Journey |date=24 June 2007 |access-date=19 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080212090911/http://www.italianfoodforever.com/iff/articles.asp?id=55 |archive-date=12 February 2008}}</ref>

Naples is traditionally credited as the home of [[pizza]].<ref name="pizza" /> This originated as a meal of the poor, but under [[Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies|Ferdinand IV]] it became popular among the upper classes: famously, the [[Margherita (pizza)|Margherita]] pizza was named after Queen [[Margherita of Savoy]] after her visit to the city.<ref name="pizza">{{cite news |url=http://www.holidaycityflash.com/italy/pizza_naples.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060619115409/http://www.holidaycityflash.com/italy/pizza_naples.htm |archive-date=19 June 2006 |publisher=HolidayCityFlash.com |title=Pizza – The Pride of Naples |date=8 January 2008 |access-date=24 June 2013}}</ref> Cooked traditionally in a wood-burning [[Masonry oven|oven]], the ingredients of Neapolitan pizza have been strictly regulated by law since 2004, and must include wheat flour type "00" with the addition of flour type "0" [[yeast]], natural mineral water, peeled tomatoes or fresh [[cherry tomato]]es, [[mozzarella]], [[sea salt]] and extra virgin [[olive oil]].<ref name=autogenerated2>[http://www.fornobravo.com/vera_pizza_napoletana/VPN_spec.html "Proposal of recognition of the Specialita' Traditionale Garantita 'Pizza Napoletana'"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090208104542/http://www.fornobravo.com/vera_pizza_napoletana/VPN_spec.html |date=8 February 2009 }}. Forno Bravo. 24 May 2004. Retrieved 27 November 2011.</ref>

[[Spaghetti]] is also associated with the city, and is commonly eaten with clams ''[[vongole]]'' or ''lupini di mare''. A popular Neapolitan [[folklore|folkloric]] symbol is the comic figure [[Pulcinella]] eating a plate of spaghetti.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.portanapoli.com/Ita/Cucina/cucina.html |publisher=PortaNapoli.com |title=La cucina napoletana |date=8 January 2008 |access-date=24 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515000255/http://www.portanapoli.com/Ita/Cucina/cucina.html |archive-date=15 May 2013}}</ref> Other dishes popular in Naples include ''[[Parmigiana]] di melanzane'', ''spaghetti alle vongole'' and ''[[casatiello]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cucinet.com/campania.htm |publisher=CuciNet.com |title=Campania |date=8 January 2008 |access-date=24 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121127083621/http://www.cucinet.com/campania.htm |archive-date=27 November 2012}}</ref> As a coastal city, Naples is furthermore known for numerous seafood dishes, including ''impepata di cozze'' (peppered [[mussel]]s), ''purpetiello affogato'' (octopus poached in broth), ''alici marinate'' (marinated [[anchovies]]), ''baccalà alla napoletana'' (salt [[cod]]) and ''baccalà fritto'' (fried cod), a dish commonly eaten during the Christmas period.

Naples is well known for its sweet dishes, including colourful {{lang|it|[[gelato]]}}, which is similar to [[ice cream]], though more fruit-based. Popular Neapolitan pastry dishes include {{lang|it|[[zeppole]]}}, {{lang|it|[[Rum baba|babà]]}}, {{lang|it|[[sfogliatelle]]}} and {{lang|it|[[pastiera]]}}, the latter of which is prepared specially for Easter celebrations.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.emmeti.it/Cucina/Campania/Prodotti/Campania.PRO.79.uk.html |publisher=Emmeti.it |title=Campania – Cakes and Desserts |date=8 January 2008 |access-date=24 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605054804/http://www.emmeti.it/Cucina/Campania/Prodotti/Campania.PRO.79.uk.html |archive-date=5 June 2013}}</ref> Another seasonal sweet is ''[[struffoli]]'', a sweet-tasting [[honey]] dough decorated and eaten around Christmas.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://italianfood.about.com/od/tastysweettreats/r/blr0359.htm |publisher=About.com |title=Struffoli – Neapolitan Christmas Treats |date=8 January 2008 |access-date=24 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510084331/http://italianfood.about.com/od/tastysweettreats/r/blr0359.htm |archive-date=10 May 2013}}</ref> Neapolitan coffee is also widely acclaimed. The traditional [[Neapolitan flip coffee pot]], known as the ''cuccuma'' or ''cuccumella'', was the basis for the invention of the [[espresso machine]], and also inspired the [[Moka pot]].

[[Wineries]] in the Vesuvius area produce wines such as the ''[[Lacryma Christi]]'' ("tears of Christ") and ''Terzigno''. Naples is also the home of ''[[limoncello]]'', a popular [[lemon liqueur]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bellaonline.com/articles/art24322.asp |publisher=BellaOnline.com |title=Lacryma Christi – A Legendary Wine |date=8 January 2008 |access-date=24 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509201904/http://www.bellaonline.com/articles/art24322.asp |archive-date=9 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.pizzatoday.com/behindthebar_articles.shtml?article=MjYwM3N1cGVyMjYwMHNlY3JldDI2MDc= |publisher=PizzaToday.com |title=Limoncello |date=8 January 2008 |access-date=24 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071223124911/http://pizzatoday.com/behindthebar_articles.shtml?article=MjYwM3N1cGVyMjYwMHNlY3JldDI2MDc%3D |archive-date=23 December 2007}}</ref>

In May 2024, Time Out has named Naples the best city for food.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.timeout.com/news/its-official-this-european-city-is-best-in-the-world-for-food-052924|title=This European city has been named the best in the world for food|date=24 May 2024 |access-date=23 September 2024|language=en}}</ref>

=== Festivals ===
The cultural significance of Naples is often represented through a series of festivals held in the city. The following is a list of several festivals that take place in Naples (note: some festivals are not held on an annual basis).[[File:Piedigrotta festival circa 1813.jpg|thumb|An 1813 depiction of the Piedigrotta festival]]
* ''Festa di Piedigrotta'' ("Piedigrotta Festival") – A musical event typically held in September in memory of the famous Madonna of Piedigrotta. Throughout the month, a series of musical workshops, concerts, religious events and children's events are held to entertain the citizens of Naples and surrounding areas.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.comune.napoli.it/flex/cm/pages/ServeBLOB.php/L/IT/IDPagina/19065 |title=Comune di Napoli – Festa di Piedigrotta |last=Napoli |first=Comune di |website=comune.napoli.it |access-date=3 November 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104075225/http://www.comune.napoli.it/flex/cm/pages/ServeBLOB.php/L/IT/IDPagina/19065 |archive-date=4 November 2016}}</ref>
* ''Pizzafest'' – As Naples is famous for being home to pizza, the city hosts an eleven-day festival dedicated to this iconic dish. This is a key event for Neapolitans and tourists alike, as various stations are open for tasting a wide range of true Neapolitan pizza. In addition to pizza tasting, a variety of entertainment shows are displayed.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.comune.napoli.it/flex/cm/pages/ServeBLOB.php/L/IT/IDPagina/5549 |title=Comune di Napoli – PizzaFest 2007 |last=Napoli |first=Comune di |website=comune.napoli.it |access-date=3 November 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104075030/http://www.comune.napoli.it/flex/cm/pages/ServeBLOB.php/L/IT/IDPagina/5549 |archive-date=4 November 2016}}</ref>
* ''Maggio dei Monumenti'' ("May of Monuments") – A cultural event where the city hosts a variety of special events dedicated to the birth of King Charles of Bourbon. It festival features art and music of the 18th century, and many buildings which may normally be closed throughout the year are opened for visitors to view.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.comune.napoli.it/flex/cm/pages/ServeBLOB.php/L/IT/IDPagina/29857 |title=Comune di Napoli – Maggio dei Monumenti 2016 |last=Napoli |first=Comune di |website=comune.napoli.it |access-date=3 November 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104075228/http://www.comune.napoli.it/flex/cm/pages/ServeBLOB.php/L/IT/IDPagina/29857 |archive-date=4 November 2016}}</ref>
* ''Il Ritorno della festa di San Gennaro'' ("The Return of the [[Feast of San Gennaro]]") – An annual celebration and feast of faith held over three days, commemorating Saint [[Januarius|Gennaro]]. Throughout the festival, parades, religious processions and musical entertainment are featured. An annual celebration is also held in "[[Little Italy, Manhattan|Little Italy]]" in Manhattan.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.comune.napoli.it/flex/cm/pages/ServeBLOB.php/L/IT/IDPagina/22661 |title=Comune di Napoli – Il ritorno della Festa di San Gennaro |last=Napoli |first=Comune di |website=comune.napoli.it |access-date=3 November 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104075346/http://www.comune.napoli.it/flex/cm/pages/ServeBLOB.php/L/IT/IDPagina/22661 |archive-date=4 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sangennaro.org/ |title=san-gennaro |website=san-gennaro |access-date=3 November 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103173734/http://www.sangennaro.org/ |archive-date=3 November 2016}}</ref>

=== Language ===
{{Main|Neapolitan language}}
The [[Neapolitan language]], considered to be a distinct language and mainly spoken in the city, is also found in the region of [[Campania]] and has been diffused into other areas of [[Southern Italy]] by Neapolitan migrants, and in many different places in the world. On 14 October 2008, a regional law was enacted by Campania which has the effect that the use of the Neapolitan language is protected.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.denaro.it/VisArticolo.aspx?IdArt=548026 |title=Tutela del dialetto, primo via libera al Ddl campano |work=Il Denaro |date=15 October 2008 |access-date=22 June 2013 |language=it |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727043316/http://www.denaro.it/VisArticolo.aspx?IdArt=548026 |archive-date=27 July 2011}}</ref>

The term "Neapolitan language" is often used to describe the language of all of [[Campania]] (except [[Cilento]]), and is sometimes applied to the entire [[Southern Italian (disambiguation)|South Italian language]]; ''[[Ethnologue]]'' refers to the latter as ''Napoletano-Calabrese''.<ref name="Ethnologue Napoletano-Calabrese">{{cite web |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=nap |title=Ethnologue Napoletano-Calabrese |publisher=Ethnologue.com |access-date=13 March 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514001812/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=nap |archive-date=14 May 2011}}</ref> This linguistic group is spoken throughout most of southern continental Italy, including the [[Gaeta]] and [[Sora, Italy|Sora]] district of southern [[Lazio]], the southern part of [[Marche]] and [[Abruzzo]], Molise, [[Basilicata]], northern [[Calabria]], and northern and central [[Apulia]]. In 1976, there were an estimated 7,047,399 [[first language|native speakers]] of this group of dialects.<ref name="Ethnologue Napoletano-Calabrese" />

=== Literature and philosophy ===
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[[File:Giordano Bruno2.jpg|thumb|left|[[Giordano Bruno]]|alt=|262x262px]]

Naples is one of the leading centres of [[Italian literature]]. The history of the Neapolitan language was deeply entwined with that of the [[Tuscan dialect]], which then became the current Italian language. The first written testimonies of the Italian language are the [[Placiti Cassinensi]] legal documents, dated 960 A.D., preserved in the [[Monte Cassino]] Abbey, which are, in fact, evidence of a language spoken in a southern dialect. The Tuscan poet [[Boccaccio]] lived for many years at the court of King [[Robert the Wise]] and his successor [[Joanna I of Naples|Joanna of Naples]], using Naples as a setting for a number of his later novels. His works contain some words that are taken from Neapolitan instead of the corresponding Italian, e.g. "''testo''" (neap.: "''testa''"), which in Naples indicates a large [[terracotta]] jar used to cultivate shrubs and little trees. King [[Alfonso V of Aragon]] stated in 1442 that the Neapolitan language was to be used instead of [[Latin]] in official documents.

[[File:GiambattistaVicoStatueNaples.JPG|thumb|Statue of [[Giambattista Vico]]|alt=|244x244px]]
Later Neapolitan was replaced by Italian in the first half of the 16th century,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/storia-della-lingua_(Enciclopedia-dell%27Italiano) |title=storia della lingua in "Enciclopedia dell'Italiano" |website=www.treccani.it |access-date=4 March 2023 |archive-date=4 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304203833/https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/storia-della-lingua_%28Enciclopedia-dell%27Italiano%29 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.maas.ccr.it/PDF/Napoli.pdf |title=Documentazioni saggistiche e di raccolta espositiva dall'Archivio di Stato di Napoli |access-date=25 May 2021 |archive-date=14 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114054441/http://www.maas.ccr.it/PDF/Napoli.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> during Spanish domination. In 1458 the ''[[Accademia Pontaniana]]'', one of the first academies in Italy, was established in Naples as a free initiative by men of letters, science and literature. In 1480 the writer and poet [[Jacopo Sannazzaro]] wrote the first pastoral romance, ''Arcadia'', which influenced Italian literature. In 1634 [[Giambattista Basile]] collected ''[[Pentamerone|Lo Cunto de li Cunti]]'' five books of ancient tales written in the Neapolitan dialect rather than Italian. Philosopher [[Giordano Bruno]], who theorised the existence of infinite solar systems and the infinity of the entire universe, completed his studies at the University of Naples. Due to philosophers such as [[Giambattista Vico]], Naples became one of the centres of the Italian peninsula for historical and [[philosophy of history]] studies.

[[Jurisprudence]] studies were enhanced in Naples thanks to eminent personalities of jurists like [[Bernardo Tanucci]], [[Gaetano Filangieri]] and [[Antonio Genovesi]]. In the 18th century Naples, together with [[Milan]], became one of the most important sites from which the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] penetrated Italy. Poet and philosopher [[Giacomo Leopardi]] visited the city in 1837 and died there. His works influenced [[Francesco de Sanctis]], who studied in Naples and eventually became Minister of Instruction during the Italian kingdom. De Sanctis was one of the first literary critics to discover, study and diffuse the poems and literary works of the great poet from [[Recanati]].

Writer and journalist [[Matilde Serao]] co-founded the newspaper [[Il Mattino]] with her husband [[Edoardo Scarfoglio]] in 1892. Serao was an acclaimed novelist and writer during her day. Poet [[Salvatore Di Giacomo]] was one of the most famous writers in the Neapolitan dialect, and many of his poems were adapted to music, becoming famous Neapolitan songs. In the 20th century, philosophers like [[Benedetto Croce]] pursued the long tradition of philosophy studies in Naples, and personalities like jurists and lawyer [[Enrico De Nicola]] pursued legal and constitutional studies. De Nicola later helped to draft the modern [[Constitution of the Italian Republic]] and was eventually elected to the office of President of the Italian Republic. Other noted Neapolitan writers and journalists include [[Antonio De Curtis]], [[Giancarlo Siani]], [[Roberto Saviano]] and [[Elena Ferrante]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/6370/elena-ferrante-art-of-fiction-no-228-elena-ferrante |title=Elena Ferrante, Art of Fiction No. 228 |last=Ferri |first=Interviewed by Sandro and Sandra |journal=The Paris Review. Interviews. |date=2015 |access-date=14 December 2019 |issue=212 |volume=Spring 2015 |language=en |issn=0031-2037 |archive-date=18 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518105617/https://theparisreview.org/interviews/6370/elena-ferrante-art-of-fiction-no-228-elena-ferrante |url-status=live }}</ref> In Naples'44, An Intelligence Officer in the Italian Labyrinth (London, Eland, 2002), the acclaimed British travel writer Norman Lewis records the lives of the Napolitean people following the liberation of the city from Nazi forces in 1943.

=== Theatre ===
{{More citations needed section|date=June 2013}}
[[File:SAND Maurice Masques et bouffons 12.jpg|thumb|Engraving of [[Pulcinella]] in 1700|alt=|281x281px]]
Naples was one of the centres of the peninsula from which originated the modern theatre genre as nowadays intended, evolving from 16th century {{lang|it|[[commedia dell'arte]]}}. The masked character of [[Pulcinella]] is a worldwide famous figure either as a theatrical character or [[puppetry]] character.

The music Opera genre of {{lang|it|[[opera buffa]]}} was created in Naples in the 18th century and then spread to Rome and northern Italy. In the period of [[Belle Époque]], Naples rivalled Paris for its {{lang|fr|[[café-chantants]]}}, and many famous Neapolitan songs were originally created to entertain the public in the cafès of Naples. Perhaps the most well-known song is "Ninì Tirabusciò". The history of how this song was born was dramatised in the eponymous comedy movie "[[Ninì Tirabusciò: la donna che inventò la mossa]]" starring [[Monica Vitti]].

The Neapolitan popular genre of {{lang|it|[[sceneggiata]]}} is an important genre of modern folk theatre worldwide, dramatising common canon themes of thwarted love stories, comedies, tearjerker stories, commonly about honest people becoming [[camorra]] outlaws due to unfortunate events. The Sceneggiata became very popular amongst Neapolitans and eventually one of the best-known genres of Italian cinematography thanks to actors and singers like [[Mario Merola (singer)|Mario Merola]] and [[Nino D'Angelo]]. Many writers and playwrights, such as [[Raffaele Viviani]], wrote comedies and dramas for this genre. Actors and comedians like [[Eduardo Scarpetta]] and then his sons [[Eduardo De Filippo]], [[Peppino De Filippo]] and [[Titina De Filippo]] contributed to making the Neapolitan theatre. Its comedies and tragedies, such as "[[Filumena Marturano]]" and "[[Side Street Story|Napoli Milionaria]]", are well-known.

=== Music ===
{{Main|Music of Naples|Canzone Napoletana|Music conservatories of Naples}}
[[File:Teatro San Carlo large view.jpg|thumb|left|The interior of the [[Teatro San Carlo]]]]
Naples has played an important role in the history of Western European art music for more than four centuries.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://pveout.area.na.cnr.it/NIG/Naples.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040407141737/http://pveout.area.na.cnr.it/NIG/Naples.html |archive-date=7 April 2004 |publisher=AgendaOnline.it |title=Naples |date=8 January 2008}}</ref> The first [[music conservatories of Naples|music conservatories]] were established in the city under Spanish rule in the 16th century. The San Pietro a Majella music conservatory, founded in 1826 by [[Francis I of the Two Sicilies|Francesco I of Bourbon]], continues to operate today as both a prestigious centre of musical education and a musical museum.

During the late [[Baroque music|Baroque period]], [[Alessandro Scarlatti]], the father of [[Domenico Scarlatti]], established the Neapolitan school of opera; this was in the form of ''[[opera seria]]'', which was a new development for its time.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.timelineindex.com/content/select/1462/912,1,107,1462 |publisher=TimelineIndex.com |title=Timeline: Opera |date=8 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011113147/http://www.timelineindex.com/content/select/1462/912,1,107,1462 |archive-date=11 October 2008 |access-date=15 March 2008}}</ref> Another form of opera originating in Naples is ''[[opera buffa]]'', a style of [[comic opera]] strongly linked to [[Giovanni Battista Pergolesi|Battista Pergolesi]] and [[Niccolò Piccinni|Piccinni]]; later contributors to the genre included [[Gioachino Rossini|Rossini]] and [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://classicalmusic.about.com/od/operafaq/f/ofaq9.htm |publisher=ClassicalMusic.About.com |title=What is opera buffa? |date=8 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020233724/http://classicalmusic.about.com/od/operafaq/f/ofaq9.htm |archive-date=20 October 2007 |access-date=15 March 2008}}</ref> The [[Teatro di San Carlo]], built in 1737, is the oldest working theatre in Europe, and remains the operatic centre of Naples.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.whatsonwhen.com/sisp/index.htm?fx=event&event_id=33089 |publisher=WhatsOnWhen.com |title=Teatro San Carlo |date=8 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722034609/http://www.whatsonwhen.com/sisp/index.htm?fx=event&event_id=33089 |archive-date=22 July 2011}}</ref>
[[File:Napoli, tarantella 1903 (Naples, tarantella 1903).jpg|thumb|''Tarantella in Napoli'', a 1903 postcard]]
[[File:Mandolin MET DP169023.jpg|thumb|Neapolitan [[mandolin]]]]
The earliest [[six-string guitar]] was created by the Neapolitan Gaetano Vinaccia in 1779; the instrument is now referred to as the [[romantic guitar]]. The Vinaccia family also developed the [[mandolin]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.earlyromanticguitar.com |publisher=EarlyRomanticGuiar.com |title=Vinaccia 1779 |date=8 January 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080315041934/http://www.earlyromanticguitar.com/ |archive-date=15 March 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Tyler |first=James |title=The Guitar and Its Music: From the Renaissance to the Classical Era |publisher=Routledge |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XQgVGIGnBrUC&q=The+Guitar+and+Its+Music:+From+the+Renaissance+to+the+Classical+Era+&pg=PP1 |isbn=978-0-19-816713-6 |date=24 October 2002}}</ref> Influenced by the Spanish, Neapolitans became pioneers of classical guitar music, with [[Ferdinando Carulli]] and [[Mauro Giuliani]] being prominent exponents.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.jodrellbank.manchester.ac.uk/~agg/guitar/#giuliani |publisher=Cyclopaedia of Classical Guitar Composers |title=Cyclopaedia of Classical Guitar Composers |date=8 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071114224154/http://www.jodrellbank.manchester.ac.uk/~agg/guitar/#giuliani |archive-date=14 November 2007}}</ref> Giuliani, who was actually from [[Apulia]] but lived and worked in Naples, is widely considered to be one of the greatest [[guitarist|guitar players]] and composers of the 19th century, along with his [[Catalonia|Catalan]] contemporary [[Fernando Sor]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.lagunaguitars.com/library.html |publisher=LagunaGuitars.com |title=The Masters of Classical Guitar |date=8 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509093152/http://www.lagunaguitars.com/library.html |archive-date=9 May 2008 |access-date=15 March 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.finefretted.com/html/starobin_plays_sor_and_giulian.html |publisher=FineFretted.com |title=Starobin Plays Sor and Giuliani |date=8 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080316063836/http://www.finefretted.com/html/starobin_plays_sor_and_giulian.html |archive-date=16 March 2008}}</ref> Another Neapolitan musician of note was [[opera singer]] [[Enrico Caruso]], one of the most prominent opera [[tenor]]s of all time:<ref>{{cite news |url=http://student.britannica.com/comptons/article-9273542/Enrico-Caruso |work=Encyclopædia Britannica |title=Enrico Caruso |date=8 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080426072721/http://student.britannica.com/comptons/article-9273542/Enrico-Caruso |archive-date=26 April 2008}}</ref> he was considered a man of the people in Naples, hailing from a working-class background.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.grandi-tenori.com/tenors/caruso.php |publisher=Grandi-Tenori.com |title=Enrico Caruso |date=8 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090209201552/http://grandi-tenori.com/tenors/caruso.php |archive-date=9 February 2009}}</ref>

A popular traditional dance in [[Southern Italy]] and Naples is the [[Tarantella]], which originated in [[Apulia]] and spread throughout the [[Kingdom of the Two Sicilies]]. The Neapolitan tarantella is a [[courtship dance]] performed by couples whose "rhythms, melodies, gestures, and accompanying songs are quite distinct", featuring faster, more cheerful music.

A notable element of popular Neapolitan music is the {{Lang|it|[[Canzone Napoletana]]}} style, essentially the [[traditional music]] of the city, with a repertoire of hundreds of [[folklore|folk]] songs, some of which can be traced back to the 13th century.<ref name="festadipied" /> The genre became a formal institution in 1835, after the introduction of the annual Festival of [[Piedigrotta]] songwriting competition.<ref name="festadipied">{{cite news |url=http://www.festadipiedigrotta.it/eng/storia/storia.htm |publisher=FestaDiPiedigrotta.it |title=History |date=8 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223054538/http://www.festadipiedigrotta.it/eng/storia/storia.htm |archive-date=23 December 2014}}</ref> Some of the best-known recording artists in this field include [[Roberto Murolo]], [[Sergio Bruni]] and [[Renato Carosone]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.naplesmylove.com/artisti_classici_napoletani.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080402003237/http://www.naplesmylove.com/artisti_classici_napoletani.html |archive-date=2 April 2008 |publisher=NaplesMyLove.com |title=Artisti classici napoletani |url-status=usurped |date=8 January 2008}}</ref> There are furthermore various forms of music popular in Naples but not well known outside it, such as ''cantautore'' ("singer-songwriter") and ''sceneggiata'', which has been described as a musical soap opera; the most well-known exponent of this style is [[Mario Merola (singer)|Mario Merola]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2006/dec/07/guardianobituaries.italy |work=The Guardian |title=Mario Merola obituary |date=8 January 2008 |location=London |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407210434/https://www.theguardian.com/news/2006/dec/07/guardianobituaries.italy |archive-date=7 April 2017}}</ref>

=== Cinema and television ===
{{See also|Cinema of Naples|Category:Films set in Naples}}
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[[File:Totò, Neapolitan actor 1943.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|[[Totò]], a famous Neapolitan actor]]
Naples has had a significant influence on [[Italian cinema]]. Because of the city's relevance, many films and television shows are set (entirely or partially) in Naples. In addition to serving as the backdrop for several movies and shows, many talented celebrities (actors, actresses, directors, and producers) are originally from Naples.

Naples was the location for several early Italian cinema masterpieces. ''[[Assunta Spina (1915 film)|Assunta Spina]]'' (1915) was a silent film adapted from a theatrical drama by Neapolitan writer [[Salvatore Di Giacomo]]. The film was directed by Neapolitan [[Gustavo Serena]]. Serena also starred in the 1912 film ''Romeo and Juliet''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.naplesldm.com/saldigiac.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150106181815/http://www.naplesldm.com/saldigiac.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 January 2015 |title=Salvatore Di Giacomo |last=Matthews |first=Jeff |website=naplesldm.com |access-date=23 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0784988/ |title=Gustavo Serena |website=IMDb |access-date=23 October 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216191617/http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0784988/ |archive-date=16 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GITRwfip1R4C&q=gustavo+serena&pg=PA76 |title=Romeo and Juliet |last1=Shakespeare |first1=William |last2=Loehlin |first2=James N. |date=25 April 2002 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-66769-2 |language=en}}</ref>

A list of some well-known films that take place (fully or partially) in Naples includes:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/list/ls075758391/ |title=IMDb: 10 good movies about Naples – a list by gadam |author=gadam |date=27 August 2014 |website=IMDb |access-date=23 October 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170414235212/http://www.imdb.com/list/ls075758391/ |archive-date=14 April 2017}}</ref>
* ''[[Shoeshine (film)|Shoeshine]]'' (1946), directed by Neapolitan, [[Vittorio De Sica]]
* ''[[Hands over the City]]'' (1963), directed by Neapolitan, [[Francesco Rosi]]
* ''[[Journey to Italy]]'' (1954), directed by [[Roberto Rossellini]]
* ''[[Marriage Italian Style]]'' (1964), directed by Neapolitan, [[Vittorio De Sica]]
* ''[[It Started in Naples]]'' (1960), Directed by [[Melville Shavelson]]
* ''[[The Hand of God (film)|The Hand of God]]'' (2021), Directed by [[Paolo Sorrentino]]

Naples is home to one of the first Italian colour films, ''[[Toto in Color]]'' (1952), starring [[Totò]] (Antonio de Curtis), a famous comedic actor born in Naples.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F7WHDAAAQBAJ&q=color+film&pg=PA69 |title=A New Guide to Italian Cinema |last1=Celli |first1=C. |last2=Cottino-Jones |first2=M. |date=8 January 2007 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-230-60182-6 |language=en}}</ref>

Some notable comedies set in Naples include {{lang|it|Ieri, Oggi e Domani}} (''[[Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow]]''), by Vittorio De Sica, starring [[Sophia Loren]] and [[Marcello Mastroianni]], ''Adelina of Naples'' (Academy Award-winning movie), ''[[It Started in Naples]]'', {{lang|it|[[L'oro di Napoli]]}} again by Vittorio De Sica, dramatic movies like [[Dino Risi]]'s ''[[Profumo di donna|Scent of a Woman]]'', war movies like ''[[The Four Days of Naples (film)|The Four Days of Naples]]'' by Sardinian director [[Nanni Loy]], music and Sceneggiata movies like ''[[Zappatore]]'', from the eponymous song by [[Libero Bovio]], starring singer and actor [[Mario Merola (singer)|Mario Merola]], crime movies like {{lang|it|[[Il Camorrista]]}} with [[Ben Gazzara]] playing the part of infamous [[camorra]] boss [[Raffaele Cutolo]], and historical or costume movies like ''[[That Hamilton Woman]]'' starring [[Vivien Leigh]] and [[Laurence Olivier]].

More modern Neapolitan films include {{lang|it|[[Ricomincio da tre]]}}, which depicts the misadventures of a young emigrant in the late 20th century. The 2008 film ''[[Gomorrah (film)|Gomorrah]]'', based on the book by [[Roberto Saviano]], explores the dark underbelly of the city of Naples through five intertwining stories about the powerful [[Camorra|Neapolitan crime syndicate]], as well as the [[Gomorrah (TV series)|TV series of the same name]].

Several episodes of the animated series ''[[Tom and Jerry]]'' also have references/influences from Naples. The song "[[Santa Lucia (song)|Santa Lucia]]" played by Tom Cat in ''[[Cat and Dupli-cat]]'' has its origins in Naples. "[[Neapolitan Mouse]]" takes place in the same city.

The Japanese series [[JoJo's Bizarre Adventure (TV series)|''JoJo's Bizarre Adventure''{{'}}s part 5]], Vento Aureo, takes place in the city.

Naples has appeared in episodes of TV serials such as ''[[The Sopranos]]'' and the 1998 version of ''[[The Count of Monte Cristo (1998 miniseries)|The Count of Monte Cristo]]'', starring [[Gérard Depardieu]].