Editing Mosquito (section)

=== Bites ===

{{further|Mosquito bite allergies}}

Mosquito bites lead to a variety of skin reactions and more seriously to [[mosquito bite allergies]].<ref name="Sawada Inoue Kawa 2017">{{cite journal |last1=Sawada |first1=Akihisa |last2=Inoue |first2=Masami |last3=Kawa |first3=Keisei |title=How we treat chronic active Epstein–Barr virus infection |journal=[[International Journal of Hematology]] |volume=105 |issue=4 |date=2017 |doi=10.1007/s12185-017-2192-6 |pages=406–418 |pmid=28210942 |s2cid=35297787 }}</ref>  Such [[hypersensitivity]] to mosquito bites is an excessive reaction to mosquito saliva proteins.<ref name="pmid24364549">{{cite journal |last=Juckett |first=G. |title=Arthropod bites |journal=American Family Physician |volume=88 |issue=12 |pages=841–847 |date=December 2013 |pmid=24364549 }}</ref> Numerous species of mosquito can trigger such reactions, including ''[[Aedes aegypti]]'', ''[[Aedes vexans|A. vexans]]'', ''[[Aedes albopictus|A. albopictus]]'', ''[[Anopheles sinensis]]'', ''[[Culex pipiens]]'',<ref name="Tatsuno Fujiyama Matsuoka Shimauchi 2016">{{cite journal |last1=Tatsuno |first1=Kazuki |last2=Fujiyama |first2=Toshiharu |last3=Matsuoka |first3=Hiroyuki |last4=Shimauchi |first4=Takatoshi |last5=Ito |first5=Taisuke |last6=Tokura |first6=Yoshiki |title=Clinical categories of exaggerated skin reactions to mosquito bites and their pathophysiology |journal=Journal of Dermatological Science |volume=82 |issue=3 |date=2016 |doi=10.1016/j.jdermsci.2016.04.010 |pages=145–152 |pmid=27177994 }}</ref> ''[[Aedes communis]]'', ''[[Anopheles stephensi]]'',<ref name="Peng Simons 2007">{{cite journal |last1=Peng |first1=Z. |last2=Simons |first2=F.E. |title=Advances in mosquito allergy |journal=[[Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology]] |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=350–354 |date=August 2007 |pmid=17620829 |doi=10.1097/ACI.0b013e328259c313 |s2cid=45260523 }}</ref> ''[[Culex quinquefasciatus|C. quinquefasciatus]]'', ''[[Culex tritaeniorhynchus|C. tritaeniorhynchus]]'',<ref name="pmid17169531">{{cite journal |last=Asada |first=H. |title=Hypersensitivity to mosquito bites: a unique pathogenic mechanism linking Epstein-Barr virus infection, allergy and oncogenesis |journal=[[Journal of Dermatological Science]] |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=153–160 |date=March 2007 |pmid=17169531 |doi=10.1016/j.jdermsci.2006.11.002 }}</ref> and ''[[Ochlerotatus triseriatus]]''.<ref name="pmid23352522">{{cite journal |last1=Crisp |first1=H.C. |last2=Johnson |first2=K.S. |title=Mosquito allergy |journal=[[Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology]] |volume=110 |issue=2 |pages=65–69 |date=February 2013 |pmid=23352522 |doi=10.1016/j.anai.2012.07.023 }}</ref> Cross-reactivity between salivary proteins of different mosquitoes implies that allergic responses may be caused by virtually any mosquito species.<ref name="pmid23442453">{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=S. |last2=Mann |first2=B.K. |title=Insect bite reactions |journal=Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology |volume=79 |issue=2 |pages=151–164 |date=2013 |pmid=23442453 |doi=10.4103/0378-6323.107629 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Treatment can be with [[Antipruritic|anti-itch]] medications, including some taken orally, such as [[diphenhydramine]], or applied to the skin like [[antihistamine]]s or [[corticosteroids]] such as [[hydrocortisone]]. [[Aqueous ammonia]] (3.6%) also provides relief.<ref name="Ammonium">{{cite journal |last1=Zhai |first1=Hongbo |last2=Packman |first2=Elias W. |last3=Maiback |first3=Howard I. |title=Effectiveness of Ammonium Solution in Relieving Type I Mosquito Bite Symptoms: A Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study |journal=Acta Dermato-Venereologica |date=21 July 1998 |volume=78 |issue=4 |pages=297–298 |doi=10.1080/000155598441918|pmid=9689301 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Both topical heat<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Müller |first1=C. |last2=Großjohann |first2=B. |last3=Fischer |first3=L. |title=The use of concentrated heat after insect bites/stings as an alternative to reduce swelling, pain, and pruritus: an open cohort-study at German beaches and bathing-lakes |journal=[[Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology]] |volume=4 |pages=191–196 |date=2011-12-15 |pmid=22253544 |pmc=3257884 |doi=10.2147/CCID.S27825 |doi-access=free }}</ref> and cold may be useful as treatments.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/insect-bites-and-stings/treatment/ |title=Treatment of Insect bites and stings |website=nhs.uk |access-date=2018-10-31 |date=2017-10-19 |archive-date=2018-10-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031173837/https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/insect-bites-and-stings/treatment/ |url-status=live }}</ref>