Editing Microscopy (section)

==Laser microscopy==
Laser microscopy is a rapidly growing field that uses laser illumination sources in various forms of microscopy.<ref name = TLA3>{{cite book |editor =Duarte FJ |title=Tunable Laser Applications | edition = 3rd |publisher= [[CRC Press]] |location=Boca Raton |year=2016 |isbn=9781482261066  | author = Duarte FJ| chapter = Tunable laser microscopy | pages = 315–328 |author-link=F. J. Duarte }}</ref> For instance, laser microscopy focused on biological applications uses [[ultrashort pulse]] lasers, in a number of techniques labeled as nonlinear microscopy, saturation microscopy, and [[two-photon excitation microscopy]].<ref>{{cite book |editor =Duarte FJ |title=''Tunable Laser Applications'' | edition = 2nd |publisher= [[CRC Press]] |location=Boca Raton |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-4200-6009-6 |vauthors=Thomas JL, Rudolph W | chapter = Biological Microscopy with Ultrashort Laser Pulses | pages = [https://books.google.com/books?id=FCDPZ7e0PEgC&pg=PA245 245–80] }}</ref>

High-intensity, short-pulse laboratory [[x-ray laser]]s have been under development for several years.  When this technology comes to fruition, it will be possible to obtain magnified three-dimensional images of elementary biological structures in the living state at a precisely defined instant.  For optimum contrast between water and protein and for best sensitivity and resolution, the laser should be tuned near the nitrogen line at about 0.3 nanometers.  Resolution will be limited mainly by the hydrodynamic expansion that occurs while the necessary number of photons is being registered.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Solem|first=J. C.|year=1983|title=X-ray imaging on biological specimens|journal=Proceedings of International Conference on Lasers '83|pages=635–640|osti=5998195}}</ref> Thus, while the specimen is destroyed by the exposure, its configuration can be captured before it explodes.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Solem|first=J. C.|year=1982|title=High-intensity x-ray holography: An approach to high-resolution snapshot imaging of biological specimens|journal=Los Alamos National Laboratory Technical Report LA-9508-MS|volume=83|page=23581|doi=10.2172/7056325|bibcode=1982STIN...8323581S|osti=7056325|url=https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1189186/|access-date=2019-06-28|archive-date=2020-08-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804110025/https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1189186/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Solem|first1=J. C.|last2=Baldwin|first2=G. C.|year=1982|title=Microholography of living organisms|journal=Science|volume=218|issue=4569|pages=229–235|doi=10.1126/science.218.4569.229|pmid=17838608|bibcode=1982Sci...218..229S|s2cid=32381820}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Solem|first1=J. C.|last2=Chapline|first2=G. F.|year=1984|title=X-ray biomicroholography|journal=Optical Engineering|volume=23|issue=2|page=193|bibcode=1984OptEn..23..193S|doi=10.1117/12.7973410}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last=Solem|first=J. C.|year=1985|title=Microholography
|encyclopedia=McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Solem|first=J. C.|year=1984|title=X-ray holography of biological specimens|journal=Proceedings of Ninth International Congress on Photobiology, Philadelphia, PA, USA, 3 July 1984 |issue=LA-UR-84-3340; CONF-840783-3|page=19|osti=6314558}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Solem|first=J. C.|year=1986|title=Imaging biological specimens with high-intensity soft X-rays|journal=Journal of the Optical Society of America B|volume=3|issue=11|pages=1551–1565|doi=10.1364/josab.3.001551|bibcode=1986JOSAB...3.1551S}}</ref>{{Excessive citations inline
|date=May 2020}}

Scientists have been working on practical designs and prototypes for x-ray holographic microscopes, despite the prolonged development of the appropriate laser.<ref>Haddad, W. S.; Solem, J. C.; Cullen, D.; Boyer, K.; Rhodes, C. K. (1987).  "A description of the theory and apparatus for digital reconstruction of Fourier transform holograms", ''Proceedings of Electronics Imaging '87, Nov. 2-5, 1987, Boston; Journal of Electronic Imaging'', (Institute for Graphic Communication, Inc., Boston), p. 693.</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Haddad|first1=W. S.|last2=Cullen|first2=D.|last3=Boyer|first3=K.|last4=Rhodes|first4=C. K.|last5=Solem|first5=J. C.|last6=Weinstein|first6=R. S.|title=X-Ray Microscopy II |chapter=Design for a Fourier-Transform Holographic Microscope |year=1988|volume=56|pages=284–287|doi=10.1007/978-3-540-39246-0_49|series=Springer Series in Optical Sciences|isbn=978-3-662-14490-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Haddad|first1=W. S.|last2=Solem|first2=J. C.|last3=Cullen|first3=D.|last4=Boyer|first4=K.|last5=Rhodes|first5=C. K.|year=1988|title=Design for a Fourier-transform holographic microscope incorporating digital image reconstruction|journal=Proceedings of CLEO '88 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, Anaheim, CA, April, 1988; Optical Society of America, OSA Technical Digest|volume=7|pages=WS4|url=https://www.osapublishing.org/abstract.cfm?uri=CLEO-1988-WS4|access-date=2016-01-13|archive-date=2016-02-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202072143/https://www.osapublishing.org/abstract.cfm?uri=CLEO-1988-WS4|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Haddad|first1=W. S.|last2=Cullen|first2=D.|last3=Solem|first3=J. C.|last4=Boyer|first4=K.|last5=Rhodes|first5=C. K.|year=1988|title=X-ray Fourier-transform holographic microscope|journal=Proceedings of the OSA Topical Meeting on Short Wavelength Coherent Radiation: Generation and Applications, September 26–29, 1988, Cape Cod, MA., Falcone, R.; Kirz, J.; Eds. (Optical Society of America, Washington, DC)|pages=284–289|url=https://inis.iaea.org/search/search.aspx?orig_q=RN:21002870|access-date=2016-01-13|archive-date=2016-01-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127180437/https://inis.iaea.org/search/search.aspx?orig_q=RN:21002870|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Solem|first1=J. C.|last2=Boyer|first2=K.|last3=Haddad|first3=W. S.|last4=Rhodes|first4=C. K.|year=1990|title=Prospects for X-ray holography with free-electron lasers |journal=Free Electron Lasers and Applications|others= Prosnitz, D.; ed. SPIE|editor1-first=Donald|editor1-last=Prosnitz|volume=1227|pages=105–116|doi=10.1117/12.18609|series=Free-Electron Lasers and Applications|bibcode=1990SPIE.1227..105S|s2cid=121807907}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Haddad|first1=W. S.|last2=Cullen|first2=D.|last3=Solem|first3=J. C.|last4=Longworth|first4=J. W.|last5=McPherson|first5=L. A.|last6=Boyer|first6=K.|last7=Rhodes|first7=C. K.|editor-first1=Winchyi |editor-first2=James R. |editor-last1=Chang |editor-last2=Milch |chapter=Fourier-transform holographic microscope |year=1991|title=Camera and Input Scanner Systems|journal=Applied Optics|volume=1448|pages=81–88|doi=10.1117/12.45347|issue=24|pmid=20733659|bibcode=1991SPIE.1448...81H|s2cid=120679508}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Haddad|first1=W. S.|last2=Cullen|first2=D.|last3=Solem|first3=J. C.|last4=Longworth|first4=J.|last5=McPherson|first5=A.|last6=Boyer|first6=K.|last7=Rhodes|first7=C. K.|year=1992|title=Fourier-transform holographic microscope|journal=Applied Optics|volume=31|issue=24|pages=4973–4978|doi=10.1364/ao.31.004973|pmid=20733659|bibcode=1992ApOpt..31.4973H}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Boyer|first1=K.|last2=Solem|first2=J. C.|last3=Longworth|first3=J.|last4=Borisov|first4=A.|last5=Rhodes|first5=C. K.|year=1996|title=Biomedical three-dimensional holographic microimaging at visible, ultraviolet and X-ray wavelengths|journal=Nature Medicine|volume=2|issue=8 |pages=939–941|doi=10.1038/nm0896-939|pmid=8705867|s2cid=25231033}}</ref>{{Excessive citations inline
|date=May 2020}}