Editing Mali Empire (section)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Primary sources===
{{Refbegin|40em|indent=yes}}
*{{citation | author = al-Bakri | author-link = Al-Bakri |  title = Kitāb al-masālik wa-ʼl-mamālik | trans-title = The Book of Routes and Realms }}, translated in {{harvnb|Levtzion|Hopkins|2000}}
*{{citation | author = al-Idrisi | script-title = ar:نزهة المشتاق في اختراق الآفاق | title = Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq | trans-title = The Pleasure of Him Who Longs to Cross the Horizons | title-link = Tabula Rogeriana | date = 1154 }}, translated in {{harvnb|Levtzion|Hopkins|2000}}
*{{citation | author = Al-Umari | author-link = Ibn Fadlallah al-Umari | title = Masalik al-Absar fi Mamalik al-Amsar | trans-title = Pathways of Vision in the Realms of the Metropolises }}, translated in {{harvnb|Levtzion|Hopkins|2000}}
* {{citation | author = Ibn Khaldun | author-link = Ibn Khaldun | title = Kitāb al-ʻIbar wa-dīwān al-mubtadaʼ wa-l-khabar fī ayyām al-ʻarab wa-ʼl-ʻajam wa-ʼl-barbar | trans-title = The Book of Examples and the Register of Subject and Predicate on the Days of the Arabs, the Persians and the Berbers }}. Translated in {{harvnb|Levtzion|Hopkins|2000}}.
*{{citation | author1 = Ibn Battuta | author-link1 = Ibn Battuta | author2 = Ibn Juzayy | author-link2 = Ibn Juzayy | title = Tuḥfat an-Nuẓẓār fī Gharāʾib al-Amṣār wa ʿAjāʾib al-Asfār | title-link = The Rihla | script-title = ar:تحفة النظار في غرائب الأمصار وعجائب الأسفار | trans-title = A Masterpiece to Those Who Contemplate the Wonders of Cities and the Marvels of Travelling | date = 1356 }}, translated in {{harvnb|Levtzion|Hopkins|2000}}
*{{citation | author = al-Sadi | title = Taʾrīkh al-Sūdān }}, translated in {{harvnb|Hunwick|1999}}
{{refend}}

===Other sources===
{{Refbegin|40em|indent=yes}}
* {{Cite journal| doi = 10.2307/217515| issn = 0361-7882| volume = 5| issue = 2| pages = 221–234 | last = Bell| first = Nawal Morcos| title = The Age of Mansa Musa of Mali: Problems in Succession and Chronology| journal = The International Journal of African Historical Studies| date = 1972| jstor = 217515}}
*{{cite book |last=Blanchard |first=Ian |title=Mining, Metallurgy and Minting in the Middle Ages Vol. 3. Continuing Afro-European Supremacy, 1250–1450 |publisher=Franz Steiner Verlag |location=Stuttgart |year=2001 |isbn=3-515-08704-4}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Bourgeois |first1=Jean-Louis |title=The History of the Great Mosques of Djenné |journal=African Arts |date=1987 |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=54–63, 90–92 |doi=10.2307/3336477 |jstor=3336477 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3336477 }}
* {{cite book |last=Charry |first=Eric S. |title=Mande Music: Traditional and Modern Music of the Maninka and Mandinka of Western Africa |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |year=2000 |pages=500 Pages |isbn=0-226-10161-4}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Cissoko |first1=Sekene Mody |title=Formations sociales et État en Afrique précoloniale : Approche historique |journal=Présence Africaine |date=1983 |volume=COLLOQUE SUR « LA PROBLÉMATIQUE DE L'ÉTAT EN AFRIQUE NOIRE » |issue=127/128 |pages=50–71 |doi=10.3917/presa.127.0050 |jstor=24350899 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24350899 |access-date=4 July 2023 }}
*{{cite journal | last=Conrad | first=David C. | year=1992 | title=Searching for History in the Sunjata Epic: The Case of Fakoli | journal=History in Africa | volume=19 | issue=3 | pages=147-200 | jstor=3171998 | doi=10.2307/3171998}}
*{{cite journal | last=Conrad | first=David C. | year=1994 | title=A town called Dakajalan: the Sunjata tradition and the question of Ancient Mali's capital | journal=Journal of African History | volume=35 | issue=3 | pages=355–377 | jstor=182640 | doi=10.1017/s002185370002675x| s2cid=162273464 }}
*{{Cite book| publisher = Hackett| isbn = 0-87220-697-1| last = Conrad| first = David C.| title = Sunjata: a West African epic of the Mande peoples| location = Indianapolis| date = 2004}}
*{{cite book |author-link=William Desborough Cooley|last=Cooley|first=William Desborough |title=The Negroland of the Arabs Examined and Explained |publisher=Routledge |location=London |year=1966 |orig-year=1841 |isbn=0-7146-1799-7}}
*{{cite book |last=Delafosse |first=Maurice |title=Haut-Sénégal Niger |publisher=Maisonneuve & Larose |location=Paris |year=1912a | volume = I. Le Pays, les Peuples, les Langues | language=fr}}
*{{cite book |last=Delafosse |first=Maurice |title=Haut-Sénégal Niger |publisher=Maisonneuve & Larose |location=Paris |year=1912b | volume = II. L'Histoire | language=fr}}
*{{cite book |last=Delafosse |first=Maurice |title=Haut-Sénégal Niger |publisher=Maisonneuve & Larose |location=Paris |year=1912c | volume = III. Les civilisations | language=fr}}
* {{cite book |last=Dunn |first=Ross E. |author-link=Ross E. Dunn |title=The Adventures of Ibn Battuta |orig-year=1996 |publisher=University of California Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-520-24385-9}}
*{{cite journal | first1 = François-Xavier | last1 = Fauvelle-Aymar | date = 2012 | title = Niani redux. A final rejection of the identification of the site of Niani (Republic of Guinea) with the capital of the kingdom of Mali | journal = P@lethnology | issn = 2108-6532 | pages = 235–252 }}
*{{Cite book| publisher = Princeton University Press| isbn = 978-0-691-18126-4| last = Fauvelle| first = François-Xavier| others = Troy Tice (trans.)| title = The Golden Rhinoceros: Histories of the African Middle Ages| date = 2018 | orig-year = 2013}}
*{{cite book |last1=Fauvelle |first1=Francois-Xavier |title=Les masques et la mosquée - L’empire du Mâli XIIIe XIVe siècle |date=2022 |publisher=CNRS Editions |location=Paris |isbn=2271143713}}
*{{cite book | last=Gomez | first=Michael A. | title=African Dominion: A New History of Empire in Early and Medieval West Africa | publisher=Princeton University Press | place=Princeton | year=2018 | isbn=9781400888160 |title-link=African Dominion}}
*{{cite journal | last=Goodwin | first=A. J. H. | year=1957 | title=The Medieval Empire of Ghana | journal=South African Archaeological Bulletin| volume=12| issue=47 | pages=108–112| doi=10.2307/3886971 | jstor=3886971}}
*{{Cite journal| doi = 10.2307/3172058| issn = 0361-5413| volume = 18| pages = 127–135| last = Green| first = Kathryn L.| title = "Mande Kaba," the Capital of Mali: A Recent Invention?| journal = History in Africa| date = 1991| url = https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0361541300000395/type/journal_article| jstor = 3172058| s2cid = 161600126}}
*{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1080/00438240500412816| issn = 0043-8243| volume = 37| issue = 4| pages = 552–565| last = Haour| first = Anne| title = Power and permanence in precolonial Africa: a case study from the central Sahel| journal = World Archaeology| year = 2005| s2cid = 162397096| url = http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00438240500412816}}
*{{cite journal | last=Hunwick | first=John O. | year=1973 | title=The mid-fourteenth century capital of Mali | journal=Journal of African History | volume=14 | issue=2 | pages=195–206 | jstor=180444 | doi=10.1017/s0021853700012512| s2cid=162784401 }}
*{{Cite book| publisher = Brill| isbn = 978-90-04-11207-0 | last1 = Hunwick| first1 = John O.| title = Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire: Al-Saʻdi's Taʼrīkh al-Sūdān down to 1613, and other contemporary documents| location = Leiden; Boston| series = Islamic history and civilization : studies and texts| date = 1999}}
*{{cite book |last1=Hunwick |first1=John |pages=78–102 |editor-last1=Stiansen |editor-first1=Endre |editor-last2=Guyer |editor-first2=Jane I. |name-list-style=amp |chapter=Islamic financial institutions: theoretical structures and aspects of their application in sub-Saharan Africa |title=Credit, Currencies and Culture: African Financial Institutions in Historical Perspective |publisher=Nordiska Afrikainstitutet |location=Stockholm |year=1999b |isbn=91-7106-442-7 |url=http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:nai:diva-244 }}
*{{Cite book | title=Historical Dictionary of Mali | last1=Imperato | first1=Pascal James | last2=Imperato | first2=Gavin H. | date=2008 | publisher=Scarecrow Press | isbn=978-0-8108-5603-5 | language=en | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zf6xAAAAQBAJ }}
*{{cite book |author=Insoll, Timothy |title=The Archaeology of Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |year=2003 |isbn=0-521-65702-4}}
*{{cite journal | first1 = Jan | last1 = Jansen | author-link1 = Jan Jansen (historian) | title = The Representation of Status in Mande: Did the Mali Empire Still Exist in the Nineteenth Century? | journal = History in Africa | volume = 23 | date = 1996 | pages = 87–109 | doi = 10.2307/3171935 | jstor = 3171935 | hdl = 1887/2775 | s2cid = 53133772 | hdl-access = free }}
*{{cite book |last=Ibn Khaldun |author-link=Ibn Khaldun |title=[[The Muqaddimah]] (K. Ta'rikh - "History") |editor=F. Rosenthal |volume=1 |date=1958 |publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd.|location=London |pages=264–268 |language=en |oclc=956182402}} (on the Kings of Mali)
*{{cite book |author=Ki-Zerbo, Joseph |title= Histoire de l'Afrique noire: D'hier à demain |publisher=Hatier |location=Paris |year=1978 |isbn=2-218-04176-6}}
*{{cite book |author=Ki-Zerbo, Joseph |title= UNESCO General History of Africa, Vol. IV, Abridged Edition: Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century
|publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |year=1997 |isbn=0-520-06699-5}}
*{{cite journal|author-link1=Nehemia Levtzion | last=Levtzion | first=N. | year=1963 | title=The thirteenth- and fourteenth-century kings of Mali | journal=Journal of African History | volume=4 | issue=3 | pages=341–353 | jstor=180027 | doi=10.1017/S002185370000428X| s2cid=162413528 }}
*{{cite book | last=Levtzion | first=Nehemia | title=Ancient Ghana and Mali | publisher=Methuen | place=London | year=1973 | isbn=0-8419-0431-6}}
*{{cite book | editor1-last=Levtzion | editor1-first=Nehemia | editor2-last=Hopkins | editor2-first=John F.P. |title=Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West Africa | publisher=Marcus Weiner Press | place=New York | year=2000 | isbn=1-55876-241-8}} First published in 1981 by Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|0-521-22422-5}}
*{{Cite book| volume = 4| pages = 172–186| editor-first1 = D. T.| editor-last1 = Niane| last = Ly-Tall| first = M.| title = Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century| chapter = The decline of the Mali Empire| series = General history of Africa| url = https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000184287| publisher = UNESCO| place = Paris| isbn = 92-3-101-710-1| date = 1984}}
*{{cite journal |last=Monteil|first=Ch.|author-link=Charles Monteil |title=Les Empires du Mali. Étude d'histoire et de sociologie soudanais |journal= Bulletin du Comité d'études historiques et scientifiques de l'Afrique occidentale française |volume=XII  |issue=3–4 |pages=291–447|date=1929|language=fr}}
*{{cite book |last=Piga |first=Adriana |title=Islam et villes en Afrique au sud du Sahara: Entre soufisme et fondamentalisme |publisher=KARTHALA Editions |location=Paris |year=2003 |isbn=2-84586-395-0}}
*{{cite book |last=Niane |first=D. T. |title=Sundiata: An Epic of Old Mali |publisher=Longman African Writers |location=Harlow |year=1994 |isbn=0-582-26475-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/sundiataepicofol00nian }}
*{{Cite book| edition = Revised| publisher = Pearson Longman| isbn = 978-1-4058-4942-5| last = Niane| first = Djibril Tamsir| translator-first1 = G. D. | translator-last1 = Pickett | title = Sundiata: an epic of Old Mali| location = Harlow, England| date = 2006}}
*{{cite journal | first1 = Djibril Tamsir | last1 = Niane | title = Recherches sur l'Empire du Mali au Moyen Age | year = 1959 | journal = Recherches Africaines | language = French | url = http://www.guinee.net/bibliotheque/archives/rechAfric/1959/remma.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070519215227/http://www.guinee.net:80/bibliotheque/archives/rechAfric/1959/remma.html | archive-date = 2007-05-19 | url-status = dead }}
*{{cite book |last=Niane |first=D. T. |title=Recherches sur l'Empire du Mali au Moyen Âge |publisher=Présence Africaine |location=Paris |year=1975 }}
* {{Cite journal| pages = 613–653| last = Person| first = Yves| title = Nyaani Mansa Mamudu et la fin de l 'empire du Mali| journal = Publications de la Société française d'histoire des outre-mers| date = 1981}}
*{{cite book |last1=Stride |first1=G. T. |last2=Ifeka |first2=C. |name-list-style=amp |title=Peoples and Empires of West Africa: West Africa in History 1000–1800 |publisher=Nelson |location=Edinburgh |year=1971 |isbn=0-17-511448-X}}
*{{cite journal|author=Taagepera|first=Rein|author-link=Rein Taagepera|date=September 1997|title=Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia|url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt3cn68807/qt3cn68807.pdf|journal=[[International Studies Quarterly]]|volume=41|issue=3|pages=475–504|doi=10.1111/0020-8833.00053|jstor=2600793|access-date=2021-04-10}}
*{{cite book |author=Thornton, John K. |title=Warfare in Atlantic Africa 1500–1800 |publisher=Routledge |location=London and New York |year=1999 |pages=194 Pages |isbn=1-85728-393-7}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Turchin|first1=Peter|author-link=Peter Turchin|last2=Adams|first2=Jonathan M.|last3=Hall|first3=Thomas D.|date=December 2006|title=East-West Orientation of Historical Empires|url=http://peterturchin.com/PDF/Turchin_Adams_Hall_2006.pdf|journal=[[Journal of World-Systems Research]]|volume=12|issue=2|pages=218–229|issn=1076-156X|access-date=2021-04-10|archive-date=17 May 2016|archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160517210851/http://peterturchin.com/PDF/Turchin_Adams_Hall_2006.pdf|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Wilkinson |first1=David |title="Spatial-Temporal Boundaries of African Civilizations Reconsidered: Part 2 |journal=Comparative Civilizations Review |date=1994 |volume=31 |issue=31 |url=https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/ccr/vol31/iss31/4?utm_source=scholarsarchive.byu.edu%2Fccr%2Fvol31%2Fiss31%2F4&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPages |access-date=13 October 2024}}
*{{Cite journal| volume = 23| issue = 4| pages = 463–472| last = Wilks| first = Ivor| title = Wangara, Akan and Portuguese in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries. II. The Struggle for Trade| journal = The Journal of African History| date = 1982| doi = 10.1017/S0021853700021307| jstor = 182036| s2cid = 163064591}}
{{Refend}}