Editing Macedonia (ancient kingdom) (section)

==Technology and engineering==
{{further|Ancient Greek technology|History of science in classical antiquity|Ancient Greek astronomy|Greek mathematics|Medicine in ancient Greece}}

===Architecture===
{{further|Architecture of ancient Greece}}
{{multiple image|right||perrow=2|total_width=350|
|image1=The facade of the the Tomb of the Palmettes, first half of the 3rd century BC, Ancient Mieza (7263674714).jpg|width1=100
|image2=The Tomb of the Palmettes (photography of the pediment), first half of the 3rd century BC, Ancient Mieza (7263729086).jpg|width2=100|
|image3=The facade of the the Tomb of the Palmettes, first half of the 3rd century BC, Ancient Mieza (7263705128).jpg|width3=100|
|image4=The pediment of the the Tomb of the Palmettes, first half of the 3rd century BC, Ancient Mieza (7263694348).jpg|width4=100|
|footer=The [[facade]] of the Macedonian [[Tomb of the Palmettes]] in [[Mieza, Macedonia]], [[Greece]], 3rd century BC; decorated by colored [[Doric order|Doric]] and [[Ionic order|Ionic]] moldings, the [[pediment]] is also painted with a scene of a man and woman reclining together.<ref>{{harvnb|Bolman|2016|pp=120–121}}.</ref>}}
{{multiple image| align = right | direction = horizontal | header = | header_align = left/right/center | footer = Left, fragments of ancient Macedonian painted [[roof tile]]s (raking, simas, pan-tiles), [[Archaeological Museum of Pella]], Greece. Right, the [[Ionic capital]] of a [[pilaster]] from the [[palace]] at [[Pella]], [[Archaeological Museum of Pella]]. | footer_align = left | image1 = Fragment of painted roof tiles (raking, simas, pan-tiles), Archaeological Museum, Pella (6919206262).jpg | width1 = 245 | caption1  = | image2 = Ionic pilaster capital from the palace, Archaeological Museum, Pella (6930003102).jpg | width2 = 175| caption2  = }}
Macedonian architecture, although utilizing a mixture of different forms and styles from the rest of Greece, did not represent a unique or diverging style from other [[Architecture of ancient Greece|ancient Greek architecture]].<ref name="hardiman 2010 518"/> Among the [[classical order]]s, Macedonian architects favored the [[Ionic order]], especially in the [[peristyle]] courtyards of private homes.<ref name="Winter 2006 163">{{harvnb|Winter|2006|p=163}}.</ref> There are several surviving examples, albeit in ruins, of Macedonian palatial architecture, including a [[palace]] at the site of the capital Pella, the summer residence of [[Vergina]] near the old capital Aigai, and the royal residence at [[Demetrias]] near modern [[Volos]].<ref name="Winter 2006 163"/> At Vergina, the ruins of three large [[banquet hall]]s with marble-[[tile]]d floors (covered in the debris of [[roof tiles]]) with floor plan dimensions measuring roughly 16.7 x 17.6&nbsp;m (54.8 x 57.7&nbsp;ft) demonstrate perhaps the earliest examples of monumental [[timber roof trusses|triangular roof trusses]], if dated before the reign of [[Antigonus II Gonatas]] or even the onset of the Hellenistic period.<ref name="Winter 2006 164 165">{{harvnb|Winter|2006|pp=164–165}}.</ref> Later Macedonian architecture also featured [[arch]]es and [[vault (architecture)|vaults]].<ref name="Winter 2006 165">{{harvnb|Winter|2006|p=165}}.</ref> The palaces of both Vergina and Demetrias had walls made of sundried [[brick]]s, while the latter palace had four corner [[tower]]s around a central courtyard in the manner of a fortified residence fit for a king or at least a military governor.<ref name="Winter 2006 163"/>

Macedonian rulers also sponsored works of architecture outside of Macedonia proper. For instance, following his victory at the [[Battle of Chaeronea (338 BC)]], Philip{{nbsp}}II raised a round memorial building at [[Olympia, Greece|Olympia]] known as the [[Philippeion]], decorated inside with statues depicting him, his parents [[Amyntas III of Macedon]] and [[Eurydice I of Macedon]], his wife [[Olympias]], and his son Alexander the Great.<ref>{{harvnb|Errington|1990|p=227}}; see also {{harvnb|Hammond|Walbank|2001|pp=3, 7–8}} for further details.</ref>

[[File:20100913 Ancient Theater Marwneia Rhodope Greece panoramic 3.jpg|thumb|Ruins of the [[Ancient Greek theatre|ancient theatre]] in [[Maroneia]], [[Rhodope (regional unit)|Rhodope]], [[East Macedonia and Thrace]], Greece]]
The ruins of roughly twenty [[Greek theatre]]s survive in the present-day [[Decentralized Administration of Macedonia and Thrace|regions of Macedonia and Thrace in Greece]]: sixteen open-air theatres, three [[Odeon (building)|odea]], and a possible theatre in [[Veria]] undergoing excavation.<ref>{{harvnb|Koumpis|2012|p=34}}.</ref>

===Military technology and engineering===
{{further|Greek and Roman artillery|Ancient Greek warfare|Lithobolos|Siege ladder}}

By the Hellenistic period, it became common for Greek states to finance the development and proliferation of ever more powerful [[torsion siege engine]]s, [[Naval warfare|naval ships]], and standardized designs for [[Ancient Greek military personal equipment|arms and armor]].<ref>{{harvnb|Treister|1996|pp=375–376}}.</ref> Under Philip{{nbsp}}II and Alexander the Great, improvements were made to [[siege artillery]] such as bolt-shooting [[ballista]]e and [[siege engine]]s such as huge rolling [[siege tower]]s.<ref>{{harvnb|Humphrey|Oleson|Sherwood|1998|p=570}}.</ref> E.{{nbsp}}W.{{nbsp}}Marsden and M.{{nbsp}}Y.{{nbsp}}Treister contend that the Macedonian rulers [[Antigonus I Monophthalmus]] and his successor [[Demetrius I of Macedon]] had the most powerful siege artillery of the Hellenistic world at the end of the 4th{{nbsp}}century{{nbsp}}BC.<ref>{{harvnb|Treister|1996|p=376, no. 531}}.</ref> [[Battle of Salamis (306 BC)|The siege]] of [[Salamis, Cyprus]], in 306{{nbsp}}BC necessitated the building of large siege engines and drafting of craftsmen from parts of [[West Asia]].<ref name="treister 1996 376">{{harvnb|Treister|1996|p=376}}.</ref> The siege tower commissioned by Demetrius{{nbsp}}I for the Macedonian [[Siege of Rhodes (305–304 BC)]] and defended by over three thousand soldiers was built at a height of nine [[Storey|stories]].<ref name="humphrey 1998 pp570 571"/> It had a base of {{convert|4300|sqft|0|abbr=off}}, eight wheels that were steered in either direction by pivots, three sides covered in iron plates to protect them from fire, and mechanically opened windows (shielded with wool-stuffed leather curtains to soften the blow of ballistae rounds) of different sizes to accommodate the firing of missiles ranging from arrows to larger bolts.<ref name="humphrey 1998 pp570 571">{{harvnb|Humphrey|Oleson|Sherwood|1998|pp=570–571}}.</ref>

During the siege of [[Echinus (Phthiotis)|Echinus]] by [[Philip V of Macedon]] in 211{{nbsp}}BC, the besiegers built [[Mining (military)|tunnels]] to protect the soldiers and [[sapper]]s as they went back and forth from the camp to the siege works. These included two siege towers connected by a makeshift [[wickerwork]] [[curtain wall (fortification)|curtain wall]] mounted with stone-shooting ballistae, and sheds to protect the approach of the [[battering ram]].<ref>{{harvnb|Humphrey|Oleson|Sherwood|1998|pp=570–572}}.</ref> Despite the early reputation of Macedon as a leader in siege technology, [[Alexandria]] in [[Ptolemaic Egypt]] became the center for technological improvements to the [[catapult]] by the 3rd{{nbsp}}century{{nbsp}}BC, as evidenced by the writings of [[Philo of Alexandria]].<ref name="treister 1996 376"/>

===Other innovations===
{{further|Ancient Macedonian calendar}}
Although perhaps not as prolific as other areas of Greece in regards to technological innovations, there are some inventions that may have originated in Macedonia aside from siege engines and artillery. The [[Rotation around a fixed axis|rotary-operated]] [[olive press]] for producing [[olive oil]] may have been invented in ancient Macedonia or another part of Greece, or even as far east as the [[Levant]] or [[Anatolia]].<ref>{{harvnb|Curtis|2008|p=380}}.</ref> [[History of glass|Mold-pressed glass]] first appeared in Macedonia in the 4th{{nbsp}}century{{nbsp}}BC (although it could have simultaneously existed in the Achaemenid Empire); the first known clear, translucent glass pieces of the Greek world have been discovered in Macedonia and [[Rhodes]] and date to the second half of the 4th{{nbsp}}century{{nbsp}}BC.<ref>{{harvnb|Stern|2008|pp=530–532}}.</ref> Greek technical and [[scientific literature]] began with [[Classical Athens]] in the 5th{{nbsp}}century{{nbsp}}BC, while the major production centers for technical innovation and texts during the Hellenistic period were [[Library of Alexandria|Alexandria]], [[Rhodian school|Rhodes]], and [[Pergamon]].<ref>{{harvnb|Cuomo|2008|pp=17–20}}.</ref>