Editing Lockheed L-1011 TriStar (section)

==Accidents and incidents==
[[File:Saudia 163 close-up.jpg|thumb|right|The burnt out fuselage of the TriStar involved in [[Saudia Flight 163]]. After carrying out an emergency landing at [[Riyadh International Airport]] due to an in-flight cargo fire, a failure by the crew to carry out the emergency evacuation procedures led to all 301 people on board perishing from the flames and smoke.]]

As of December 2011, the L-1011 has been involved in 35 [[Aviation accidents and incidents|aviation occurrences]],<ref>{{cite web |url= http://aviation-safety.net/database/dblist.php?Type=336 |title= Lockheed L-1011 Tristar incidents |work= Aviation-Safety.net |date= July 9, 2020 |access-date= July 11, 2020}}</ref> including 10 [[Aviation accidents and incidents|hull-losses]],<ref>{{cite web |url= http://aviation-safety.net/database/dblist.php?field=typecode&var=336%&cat=%1&sorteer=datekey&page=1 |title= Lockheed L-1011 Tristar hull-losses |work= Aviation-Safety.net |date= July 9, 2020 |access-date= July 11, 2020}}</ref> with 540 fatalities.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://aviation-safety.net/database/type/type-stat.php?type=336 |title= Lockheed L-1011 Tristar Statistics |work= Aviation-Safety.net |date= July 9, 2020 |access-date= July 11, 2020}}</ref> Of the four pioneering widebody aircraft ([[Boeing 747]], [[McDonnell Douglas DC-10]], L-1011, and [[Airbus A300]]/[[Airbus A310|A310]] family), the Lockheed L-1011 had comparatively few accidents and a better safety record than its competitors.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.lockheedclassics.com/Civil.html#tristar |title= 1970: Lockheed L-1011 Tristar |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120428054811/http://www.lockheedclassics.com/Civil.html |archive-date=April 28, 2012 |work= LockheedClassics.com |access-date= August 25, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.century-of-flight.net/Aviation%20history/coming%20of%20age/Lockheed%20L.1011%20Tristar.htm |title= Lockheed L.1011 Tristar |work= Century of Flight |access-date= August 25, 2012 |archive-date= April 26, 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130426042644/http://www.century-of-flight.net/Aviation%20history/coming%20of%20age/Lockheed%20L.1011%20Tristar.htm |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Birtles |first= Phillip |title= Lockheed L-1011 TriStar |series= Airliner Color History |location= St. Paul, Minnesota |publisher= Motorbooks International |year= 1998 |isbn= 978-0-7603-0582-9 |page= 111}}</ref>
* On December 29, 1972, [[Eastern Air Lines Flight 401]], an L-1011, crashed in the Florida [[Everglades]] as a result of the flight crew's failure to monitor the flight instruments during a malfunction of the landing gear position indicator system. The crash resulted in 101 fatalities, and was the subject of two TV movies, ''[[Crash (1978 film)|Crash]]'' and ''[[The Ghost of Flight 401]]''. It was also the subject of a ''[[Mayday (Canadian TV series)|Mayday]]'' episode.<ref>{{cite book |last= Job |first= Macarthur |chapter= Chapter 12: Hey{{Snd}} what's happening here? |title= Air Disaster |volume= 1 |location= Fyshwick, ACT, Australia |publisher= Aerospace Publications |year= 1994 |isbn= 1-875671-11-0 |pages= 99, 101–102}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna22394676 |title= 35 years after jetliner crash, hero gets his due |agency= [[Associated Press]] |publisher= NBC News |date= December 25, 2007}}</ref>
* On April 12, 1977, [[Delta Air Lines Flight 1080]], on takeoff from San Diego, had a left stabilizer jammed undetected in the full trailing-edge-up position.<ref name="The Saving Of Flight 1080">{{cite news |title=The Saving Of Flight 1080 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1978/10/08/the-saving-of-flight-1080/bc18f021-691d-4b19-8041-dc03a089bf6d/ |newspaper=Washington Post|date=October 8, 1978}}</ref> This failure resulted in a large noseup and rolling moment that almost exceeded the capability of the flight controls.<ref>{{cite book |title= Development and Flight Evaluation of an Emergency Digital Flight Control System Using Only Engine Thrust on an F-15 Airplane |id= NASA TP-3627 |date= September 1996 |last1= Burcham |first1= Frank W. Jr. |first2= Trindel A. |last2= Maine |first3= C. Gordon |last3= Fullerton |first4= Lannie Dean |last4= Webb |name-list-style= amp |url= https://www.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/pdf/88414main_H-2048.pdf |publisher= National Aeronautics and Space Administration |access-date= November 17, 2015 |archive-date= August 15, 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200815043545/https://www.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/pdf/88414main_H-2048.pdf |url-status= dead }}</ref> The airplane was just about to stall in the clouds when Captain Jack McMahan,<ref>{{cite journal |title=Delta Flight 1080 Jammed Elevator Incident |journal=[[American Aviation Historical Society]] |url=http://www.aahs-online.org/journals/journal_template.php?vol_no=v50n4#Article |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118152917/http://www.aahs-online.org/journals/journal_template.php?vol_no=v50n4#Article |archive-date=November 18, 2015 |access-date=10 March 2025}}</ref> with unusual insight, reduced power on the wing engines and began using the throttles to supplement the remaining flight controls, using differential and collective engine thrust.<ref>{{harvp|Burcham|Maine|Fullerton|Webb|1996|p=11|ps=.}}</ref> Cabin crew moved all the passengers forward in the cabin to redistribute weight and help get the nose down. Steve Heidt, the flight engineer, said, "It probably didn't help much, but in that situation, we figured every little bit would help."<ref name="The Saving Of Flight 1080"/> All the way from San Diego to Los Angeles, the aircraft flew with its pitch controlled by differential thrust between tail and wing engines, while the left roll tendency was compensated by wing differential thrust, and made a successful emergency landing in Los Angeles.<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine= Annual Reviews in Control |volume= 23 |year= 1999 |pages= 91–108 |title= From Sioux City to the X-331 |first1= Edmond A. |last1= Jonckheere |first2= Poonsuk |last2= Lohsoonthorn |first3= Stephan K. |last3= Bohacek |name-list-style= amp |url= https://www.eecis.udel.edu/~bohacek/Papers/SiouxCity.pdf}}</ref> According to an incident analysis by Warren VanderBurgh, comprehensive crew training played a critical role in control recovery.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WfNBmZy1Yuc| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/WfNBmZy1Yuc| archive-date=2021-12-11 | url-status=live|title=Control Malfunctions & Flight Instrument Anomalies| date=November 15, 2013|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
* On August 19, 1980, a fire destroyed the L-1011-200 used for [[Saudia Flight 163]] on the ground after the pilots made an emergency landing at [[Riyadh]]'s former [[King Salman Air Base|International Airport]] due to fire in the rear of the aircraft. Delays in initiating the evacuation of the aircraft led to the deaths of all 301 occupants.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=1GoaAAAAIBAJ&pg=6732,5145601&dq=l-1011+crash&hl=en |title= 265 on Saudi jet die in fiery landing |work= Milwaukee Journal |date= August 20, 1980 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=BNURAAAAIBAJ&pg=5568,2235593&dq=l-1011+crash&hl=en |title= 260 feared dead as burning jet's doors jam shut |work= Spokesman-Review |date= August 20, 1980 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* On December 23, 1980, [[Saudia Flight 162]], an L-1011, had a tire explode and penetrate the passenger cabin whilst in flight. The aircraft lost cabin pressure and two passengers were ejected through a hole in the cabin floor. The aircraft was later repaired and returned to service.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/682708612.html?dids=682708612:682708612&FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&type=historic&date=Dec+24%2C+1980&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=2+Children+Die+in+Freak+Mishap+Aboard+Saudi+Arabian+Jetliner&pqatl=google |title= 2 Children die in freak mishap aboard Saudi Arabian jetliner |work= Los Angeles Times |date= December 24, 1980 |access-date= July 6, 2017 |archive-date= November 5, 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121105084027/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/682708612.html?dids=682708612:682708612&FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&type=historic&date=Dec+24,+1980&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=2+Children+Die+in+Freak+Mishap+Aboard+Saudi+Arabian+Jetliner&pqatl=google |url-status= dead }}</ref>
* On September 22, 1981, [[Eastern Air Lines Flight 935]] departed [[Newark, New Jersey]], and suffered an uncontained failure of its number two (tail) engine at {{convert|14500|ft|m}}, while en route to [[San Juan, Puerto Rico]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19810922-0 |title= ASN Aircraft accident: Eastern Airlines L-1011, September 22, 1981 |work= Aviation-Safety.net |access-date= July 16, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.ntsb.gov/aviationquery/brief.aspx?ev_id=27857&key=0 |title= NTSB Identification: DCA81AA027 |publisher= [[National Transportation Safety Board]] |access-date= December 19, 2011}}</ref> The fragments from that engine damaged three of its four hydraulic systems resulting in fluid loss in them. The rudder pedals also jammed. The fragments struck but did not puncture the lines for the other hydraulic system; the captain was able to safely land the aircraft at [[John F. Kennedy International Airport]], with some limited use of the outboard spoilers, the inboard ailerons and the horizontal stabilizer, plus differential engine power of the remaining two engines. There were no injuries. The L-1011 having four hydraulic systems (instead of three like the DC-10) allowed for a safe landing.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/627204412.html?dids=627204412:627204412&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+28%2C+1981&author=&pub=Chicago+Tribune&desc=More+DC-10+troubles+hinted&pqatl=google |title= More DC-10 troubles hinted |work= Chicago Tribune |date= November 28, 1981 |access-date= July 6, 2017 |archive-date= November 5, 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121105084038/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/627204412.html?dids=627204412:627204412&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+28,+1981&author=&pub=Chicago+Tribune&desc=More+DC-10+troubles+hinted&pqatl=google |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=NU8aAAAAIBAJ&pg=3230,5023477&dq=l-1011+crash&hl=en |title= Engines of jumbo jets have troubled history |work= Milwaukee Journal |date= November 28, 1981 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* On May 5, 1983, [[Eastern Air Lines Flight 855]], L-1011 registration N334EA, while flying from Miami to Nassau, shut down the number 2 engine due to low oil pressure and began a return to Miami. Both of the remaining engines later failed. Without power, Flight 855 descended from 13,000 to {{convert|4000|ft|m}} before the number 2 engine was restarted and the aircraft landed in Miami without injuries. Incorrect engine maintenance had led to the loss of oil on all three engines.<ref>{{cite web |last= Thompson |first= Steven |url= http://flytristar.tripod.com/article/art10.html |title= The Story of Eastern Flight 855 |work= FlyTristar |access-date= July 16, 2011}}</ref>
* On April 5, 1984, a Saudia Lockheed L-1011 TriStar on final approach to [[Damascus]] from [[Jeddah]] was hijacked by a Syrian national. The hijacker demanded to be taken to [[Istanbul]], [[Turkey]], but changed his mind and requested to go to [[Stockholm]]. After landing in Istanbul to refuel, the pilot pushed the hijacker out the emergency exit whereupon he was arrested.<ref>{{ASN accident|id=19840405-1|aircraft_type=Hijacking}}</ref>
[[File:Tristar Incident LBA.jpg|thumb|A [[British Airtours]] TriStar overran the runway at [[Leeds Bradford International Airport]] in 1985.]]
* On May 27, 1985, British Airtours Flight 101, registration G-BBAI, from [[Palma Airport]], [[Mallorca]], Spain overran the runway on landing at [[Leeds Bradford International Airport]], [[West Yorkshire]], United Kingdom. 12 of the 412 people on board suffered minor injuries when exiting down steep rear ramps. The aircraft was severely damaged,<ref name=AAIB287>{{cite web |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5422fd9ae5274a13140008e5/2-1987_G-BBAI.pdf |title=Report on the Accident to Lockheed Tristar G-BBAI at Leeds Bradford Airport on 27 May 1985 |publisher=Accidents Investigation Branch |access-date=July 17, 2017}}</ref> but was eventually repaired and returned to service.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ranter |first=Harro |title=Runway excursion Accident Lockheed L-1011-385-1 TriStar G-BBAI, Monday 27 May 1985 |url=https://asn.flightsafety.org/wikibase/121576 |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=asn.flightsafety.org}}</ref>
* On August 2, 1985, [[Delta Air Lines Flight 191]], an L-1011, crashed while approaching [[Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport]] in [[microburst]] conditions. The crash killed eight of 11 crew members and 128 of the 152 passengers on board, as well as one person on the ground.<ref>{{cite book |url= http://www.airdisaster.com/reports/ntsb/AAR86-05.pdf |title= Delta Air Lines Flight 191 Crash |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140817111801/http://www.airdisaster.com/reports/ntsb/AAR86-05.pdf |archive-date= August 17, 2014 |publisher= [[National Transportation Safety Board]] |url-status= usurped |access-date= August 25, 2012}}</ref><ref name=time>{{cite magazine |last= Magnuson |first= Ed |url= http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1050423-2,00.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080119100349/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1050423-2,00.html |url-status= dead |archive-date= January 19, 2008 |title= Like a Wall of Napalm |magazine= Time |date =April 18, 2005}}</ref>
* On October 18, 1985, a [[Royal Jordanian|Jordanian Airlines]] L-1011 experienced an inflight fire at 24,000 feet while on approach to Singapore. The fire burned through the rear pressure bulkhead, causing [[Uncontrolled decompression|explosive depressurization]] of the cabin. The air rushing out of the cabin extinguished the fire, saving the aircraft. All 118 passengers and crew survived. The aircraft was later repaired and placed back into service.<ref>{{ASN accident|id=19851018-0|accessdate=November 18, 2020|title=JY-AGE}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Hill |first= Richard D. |url= http://www.fire.tc.faa.gov/pdf/fsr-0403.pdf |title= Investigations and characteristics of major fire-related accidents in civil air transports over the last ten years |publisher= Federal Aviation Administration Technical Center |access-date= August 25, 2012}}</ref>
* On May 3, 1986, [[Air Lanka Flight 512]] (now SriLankan Airlines), an L-1011, was destroyed on the ground in Colombo, Sri Lanka, after a bomb exploded in the rear cargo hold, severing the tail and killing 21 people.<ref>{{cite news |title=1986: Bomb kills 21 in Sri Lanka |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/3/newsid_2481000/2481291.stm |publisher=BBC |date=May 3, 1986}}</ref>
* On June 28, 1991, [[LTU International]] L-1011 registration D-AERI, suffered an interior fire during maintenance in a hangar at [[Düsseldorf Airport]]. Four engineers escaped injury, and the aircraft was declared a total loss.<ref>{{cite web|title=Accident information : Lockheed L-1011 TriStar LTU International D-AERI|url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19910628-4|website=Aviation Safety Network|access-date=June 17, 2019}}</ref>
* On July 30, 1992, [[TWA Flight 843]], an L-1011, had its takeoff aborted by the captain after liftoff from John F. Kennedy International Airport, in response to a false stall warning. The aircraft landed too hard, breaking a wing spar and starting a fire. All 292 passengers and crew evacuated safely, with only 10 minor injuries. The airliner was destroyed by fire.<ref>{{cite book |url= http://www.airdisaster.com/reports/ntsb/AAR93-04.pdf |title= Aircraft Accident Report, Trans World Airlines Flight 843 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070615113908/http://www.airdisaster.com/reports/ntsb/AAR93-04.pdf |archive-date=June 15, 2007 |publisher= National Transportation Safety Board |url-status= usurped |date= March 31, 1993}}</ref>
* On August 23, 1995, [[Delta Air Lines]] Flight 157, an L-1011 TriStar 1, suffered a rapid decompression after the pressure bulkhead failed. The flight crew initiated an emergency descent to 14,000 feet, and the plane landed safely at [[Los Angeles International Airport]] with no deaths or injuries to the 226 passengers or 10 crew. The aircraft was substantially damaged and later written off.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19950823-0|title= Accident Description|publisher= [[Aviation Safety Network]]|date= August 23, 1995|access-date= July 7, 2020}}</ref>