Editing List of Roman emperors (section)

=== Palaiologos dynasty (1259–1453) ===
{{Main|Palaiologos|Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty}}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%; text-align:center"
|+ {{Sronly|Palaiologos dynasty}}
! scope=col width="7%" | Portrait
! scope=col width="17%" | Name
! scope=col width="26%" | Reign
! scope=col width="25%" | Succession
! scope=col width="25%" | Life details

|-
| [[File:Miniature of Michael VIII (cropped).png|100px|alt=miniature portrait]]
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | [[Michael VIII Palaiologos|'''Michael VIII''' Palaiologos]]<br/>{{Small|Μιχαὴλ Δούκας Ἄγγελος Κομνηνὸς Παλαιολόγος}}
| 1 January 1259 – 11 December 1282<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|1259|1|1|1282|12|11}})}}
| Great-grandson of Alexios III; became regent for John&nbsp;IV in 1258 and crowned co-emperor in 1259. [[Reconquest of Constantinople|Regained Constantinople]] on 25 July 1261, entered the city on 15 August. Became sole ruler after deposing John&nbsp;IV on 25 December
| 1224/1225 – 11 December 1282<br/>{{Small|(aged 57/58)}}<hr/>Died of [[dysentery]]{{Sfnm|1a1=ODB|2a1=Treadgold|2y=1997|2p=745|1p=1367|3a1=Schreiner|3pp=196–206|4a1=PLP|4p=3929 (#21528)}}

|-
| [[File:Miniature of Andronikos II (cropped).png|100px|alt=miniature portrait]]
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | [[Andronikos II Palaiologos|'''Andronikos II''' Palaiologos]]<br/>{{Small|Ἀνδρόνικος Δούκας Ἄγγελος Κομνηνὸς Παλαιολόγος}}
| 11 December 1282 – 24 May 1328<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|1282|12|11|1328|5|24}})<hr/>''with'' [[File:Violante of Montferrat.png|28px|alt=coin]] [[Irene of Montferrat|'''Irene''']] (1303–1317, in [[Thessalonica]])}}{{Efn|name=Thessalonica|During the last years of the Empire, the territory of [[Thessalonica]] was effectively ruled as separate realm from Constantinople. Two empresses, [[Irene of Montferrat|Irene]] and [[Anna of Savoy|Anna]], took residence there, even having their own courts and ruling as ''de facto'' empresses regnant. Anna notably ruled in Thessalonica in opposition to [[John VI Kantakouzenos]], who later recognized her portion of the empire.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Russell |first=Eugenia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ObCX9iXMp5kC&pg=PA17 |title=St. Demetrius of Thessalonica|date=2010 |publisher=Peter Lang |isbn=978-3-0343-0181-7 |pages=17 |language=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nicol |first=Norman Douglas |title=Anna of Savoy in Thessalonica |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/numi_0484-8942_1977_num_6_19_1764 |journal=Revue Numismatique |volume=6 |issue=19 |pages=87–102 |doi=10.3406/numi.1977.1764}}</ref>}}
| Son of Michael VIII; named co-emperor shortly after 1261, crowned on 8 November 1272
| 25 March 1259 – 13 February 1332<br/>{{Small|(aged 72)}}<hr/>Deposed by his grandson [[Andronikos III Palaiologos|Andronikos&nbsp;III]] in 1328 and became a monk, dying of natural causes four years later{{Sfnm|1a1=ODB|1pp=94–95|2a1=Angelov|2y=2009|2p=100|3a1=PLP|3p=3889 (#21436)}}

|-
| style="background:#F0FFFF" | [[File:154 - Michael IX Palaiologos (Mutinensis - color).png|100px|alt=miniature portrait]]<br />{{Small|Non-contemporary}}
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFFF" | &nbsp;&nbsp;[[Michael IX Palaiologos|'''Michael IX''' Palaiologos]] (§)<br/>{{Small|Μιχαὴλ Δούκας Ἄγγελος Κομνηνὸς Παλαιολόγος}}
| style="background:#F0FFFF" | 21 May 1294 – 12 October 1320<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|1294|5|21|1320|10|12}})}}
| style="background:#F0FFFF" | Son and co-ruler of Andronikos II, named co-emperor in 1281, crowned on 21 May 1294
| style="background:#F0FFFF" | 17 April 1277/1278 – 12 October 1320<br/>{{Small|(aged 42/43)}}<hr/>Allegedly died of grief due to the accidental murder of his second son, probably died of natural causes{{Sfnm|1a1=ODB|1pp=1367–8|2a1=Treadgold|2y=1997|2p=755|3a1=Angelov|3y=2009|3p=100|4a1=PLP|4p=3931 (#21529)}}

|-
| [[File:Андроник III Палеолог (cropped).jpg|100px|alt=miniature portrait]]
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | [[Andronikos III Palaiologos|'''Andronikos III''' Palaiologos]]<br/>{{Small|Ἀνδρόνικος Δούκας Ἄγγελος Κομνηνός Παλαιολόγος}}
| 24 May 1328 – 15 June 1341<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|1328|5|24|1341|6|15}})}}
| Son of Michael IX, named co-emperor between 1308 and 1313. [[Byzantine civil war of 1321–1328|Fought with his grandfather]] Andronikos&nbsp;II for power from April 1321 onwards. Crowned emperor on 2 February 1325, became sole emperor after deposing Andronikos II
| 25 March 1297 – 15 June 1341<br/>{{Small|(aged 44)}}<hr/>Last Emperor to effectively control Greece. Died of sudden illness, possibly [[malaria]]{{Sfnm|1a1=ODB|2a1=Treadgold|2y=1997|2p=764|1p=95|3a1=Lascaratos|3a2=Marketos|3y=1997|3pp=106–9|4a1=PLP|4p=3891 (#21437)}}

|-
|
[[File:Restored mosaic of John V Palaiologos (head cropped).jpg|100px|alt=miniature portrait]]
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | [[John V Palaiologos|'''John V''' Palaiologos]]<br/>{{Small|Ίωάννης Κομνηνός Παλαιολόγος}}
|<br/>15 June 1341 – 16 February 1391<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|1341|6|15|1391|2|16}})<br/>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Details
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* 15 June 1341 – 12 August 1376<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|1341|6|15|1376|8|12}})}}
* 1 July 1379 – 14 April 1390<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|1379|7|1|1390|4|14}})}}
* 17 September 1390 – 16 February 1391<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|1390|9|17|1391|2|16}})}}
}}<hr/>''with'' [[File:Assarion of Anna of Savoy.png|28px|alt=coin]] [[Anna of Savoy|'''Anna''']] (1351–1365, in [[Thessalonica]])}}{{Efn|name=Thessalonica}}
| Son of Andronikos III, not formally crowned until 19 November 1341. Dominated by regents until 1354, faced numerous usurpations and civil wars throughout his long reign
| 18 June 1332 – 16 February 1391<br/>{{Small|(aged 58)}}<hr/>Reigned almost 50 years, but only held effective power for 33. Lost almost all territories outside Constantinople. Died of natural causes{{Sfnm|1a1=ODB|1p=1050|2a1=Schreiner|2pp=253, 345|3a1=PLP|3p=3912 (#21485)}}

|-
| [[File:Johannes VI. Cantacuzenos (cropped).jpg|100px|alt=miniature portrait]]
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | [[John VI Kantakouzenos|'''John VI''' Kantakouzenos]]<br/>{{Small|Ἰωάννης Ἄγγελος Κομνηνὸς Παλαιολόγος Καντακουζηνός}}
| 8 February 1347 – 10 December 1354<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|1347|2|8|1354|12|10}})<hr/>''with'' [[File:Matthew Kantakouzenos.png|28px|alt=coin]] [[Matthew Kantakouzenos|'''Matthew''' Kantakouzenos]] (1353–1357)}}{{Efn|name=co-emperor}}
| Related to the Palaiologoi through his mother. Proclaimed by the army on 26 October 1341, became regent and senior co-emperor after a [[Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347|lengthy civil war]] with John&nbsp;V's mother, [[Anna of Savoy]]. Entered Constantinople on 8 February, crowned on 21 May 1347
|{{Circa}} 1295 – 15 June 1383<br/>{{Small|(aged approx. 88)}}<hr/>Deposed by John&nbsp;V in [[Byzantine civil war of 1352–1357|another civil war]] and retired, becoming a monk. Died of natural causes several decades later{{Sfnm|1a1=ODB|1pp=1050–1051|2a1=Schreiner|2pp=252–288|3a1=PLP|3p=2046 (#10973)|4a1=Feiller|4y=1976}}

|-
| [[File:158 - Andronikos IV Palaiologos (Mutinensis - color).png|100px|alt=miniature portrait]]<br />{{Small|Non-contemporary}}
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | [[Andronikos IV Palaiologos|'''Andronikos IV''' Palaiologos]]<br/>{{Small|Ἀνδρόνικος Κομνηνός Παλαιολόγος}}
| 12 August 1376 – 1 July 1379<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|1376|8|12|1379|7|1}})}}<br/>May 1381 – June 1385<br/>{{Small|(4 years, in [[Selymbria]])}}
| Son of John V and grandson of John&nbsp;VI; named co-emperor and heir in 1352, but imprisoned and partially [[Political mutilation in Byzantine culture|blinded]] after a failed rebellion in May 1373. Rebelled again and successfully [[Byzantine civil war of 1373–1379|deposed his father]] in 1376; not formally crowned until 18 October 1377
| 11 April 1348 – 25/28 June 1385<br/>{{Small|(aged 37)}}<hr/>[[Byzantine civil war of 1373–1379|Deposed by John V]] in 1379; fled to [[Galata]] in exile but was restored as co-emperor and heir in May 1381, ruling over [[Selymbria]] and the [[Sea of Marmara|coast of Marmara]]. Rebelled again in June 1385 but died shortly thereafter{{Sfnm|1a1=ODB|2a1=Mladenov|2y=2003|2p=190|1p=95|3a1=Schreiner|3pp=312–321|4a1=PLP|4p=3893 (#21438)}}

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| [[File:159 - John VII Palaiologos (Mutinensis - color).png|100px|alt=miniature portrait]]<br />{{Small|Non-contemporary}}
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | [[John VII Palaiologos|'''John VII''' Palaiologos]]<br/>{{Small|Ίωάννης Παλαιολόγος}}
| June 1385 – April 1390<br/>{{Small|(4 years and 10 months, in [[Selymbria]])}}{{Efn|John VII inherited his father's lands around Selymbria and, as per a 1381 agreement with Andronikos IV that legitimized his role as co-emperor and heir. He ruled there with the title of emperor (''basileus''), although he ruled heavely influenced by the Ottomans and [[Republic of Genoa|Genoese]].<ref>{{Cite thesis|last=Leonte|first=Florin|title=Rhetoric in Purple|date=2012|degree=PhD|publisher=[[Central European University]]|url=https://www.etd.ceu.edu/2012/leonte_florin.pdf|pages=46–47|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240422174706/https://www.etd.ceu.edu/2012/leonte_florin.pdf |archive-date=22 April 2024 }}</ref>}}<br/>14 April – 17 September 1390<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|1390|4|14|1390|9|17}})}}<br/>late 1403 – 22 September 1408<br/>{{Small|(5 years, in [[Thessalonica]])<hr/>''with'' [[Andronikos V Palaiologos|'''Andronikos V''' Palaiologos]] (1403–1407)}}{{Efn|name=co-emperor}}
| Son of Andronikos IV, co-emperor since 1377; usurped the throne from John&nbsp;V in 1390. Deposed shortly thereafter but granted [[Thessaloniki|Thessalonica]] by [[Manuel II Palaiologos|Manuel&nbsp;II]] in 1403, from where he once more ruled as emperor until his death
| 1370 – 22 September 1408<br/>{{Small|(aged 38)}}<hr/>Ruled Constantinople as regent in [[Siege of Constantinople (1394–1402)|1399–1403]] during Manuel&nbsp;II's absence. Died of natural causes{{Sfnm|1a1=ODB|2a1=Oikonomides|2y=1977|2p=331|1p=1052|3a1=Schreiner|3pp=340–343|4a1=PLP|4p=3908 (#21480)}}

|-
|
[[File:Manuel II Paleologus (cropped).jpg|100px|alt=miniature portrait]]
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | [[Manuel II Palaiologos|'''Manuel II''' Palaiologos]]<br/>{{Small|Μανουὴλ Παλαιολόγος}}
| Autumn 1382 – April 1387<br/>{{Small|(5 years, in [[Thessalonica]])}}{{Efn|Manuel, who previously had been given governorship over Thessalonica and had already been crowned co-emperor, set up an independent court and ruled there as ''basileus'' instead of ''[[despotes]]''. Manuel ruled in opposition of his father's soft policies towards the Ottomans, waging war uppon them. However, the city eventually fell and Manuel had to flee in shame.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Çelik |first=Siren |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i-8WEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA78 |title=Manuel II Palaiologos |date=2021 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-83659-3|pages=77–110}}</ref>}}<br/>16 February 1391 – 21 July 1425<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|1391|2|16|1425|6|21}})}}
| Son of John V and grandson of John VI; co-emperor since 25 September 1373
| 27 June 1350 – 21 July 1425<br/>{{Small|(aged 74)}}<hr/>Suffered a [[stroke]] in 1422, whereafter the government was run by his son, John&nbsp;VIII. Died of natural causes{{Sfnm|1a1=ODB|1p=1291|2a1=Schreiner|2pp=276, 309, 429|3a1=PLP|3p=3923 (#21513)}}

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|
[[File:Palaio (cropped).jpg|100px|alt=miniature portrait]]
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | [[John VIII Palaiologos|'''John VIII''' Palaiologos]]<br/>{{Small|Ίωάννης Παλαιολόγος}}
| 21 July 1425 – 31 October 1448<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|1425|6|21|1448|10|31}})}}
| Son of Manuel II; co-emperor by 1407 and full emperor since 19 January 1421
| 18 December 1392 – 31 October 1448<br/>{{Small|(aged 55)}}<hr/> Died of natural causes{{Sfnm|1a1=ODB|1pp=1053–1054|2a1=Schreiner|2pp=340, 387–411|3a1=PLP|3p=3909 (#21481)}}

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| [[File:Konstantinos XI Palaiologos fresco (less edited) (cropped).jpg|100px|alt=fresco portrait]]
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | [[Constantine XI Palaiologos|'''Constantine XI''' Palaiologos]]<br/>{{Small|Κωνσταντῖνος Δραγάσης Παλαιολόγος}}
| 6 January 1449 – 29 May 1453<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|1449|1|6|1453|5|29}})}}
| Son of Manuel II and favored successor of his brother John&nbsp;VIII. Crowned emperor in [[Mystras]] on 6 January 1449, entered Constantinople on 12 March.
| 8 February 1405 – 29 May 1453<br/>{{Small|(aged 48)}}<hr/>The last Roman emperor. Died in battle at the [[fall of Constantinople]].{{Sfnm|1a1=ODB|1p=505|2a1=Nicol|2y=1992|2pp= 2, 35–38, 70|3a1=PLP|3p=3919 (#21500)}}

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