Editing Linguistic relativity (section)

==== Time perception ====
Research on time-space congruency suggests that temporal perception is shaped by spatial metaphors embedded in language. Casasanto & Boroditsky (2008) found that people often use spatial metaphors to conceptualize time, linking longer distances with longer durations.<ref name="CasasantoBoroditsky2008">Casasanto, D., & Boroditsky, L. (2008). "Time in the mind: Using space to think about time". Cognition, 106(2), 579–593. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2007.03.004 doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2007.03.004]</ref> Research has shown that linguistic differences can influence the perception of time. Swedish, like English, tends to describe time in terms of spatial distance (e.g., "a long meeting"), whereas Spanish often uses quantity-based metaphors (e.g., "a big meeting"). These linguistic patterns correlate with differences in how speakers estimate temporal durations: Swedish speakers are more influenced by spatial length, while Spanish speakers are more sensitive to volume.<ref name="BylundAthanasopoulos2017">Bylund, E., & Athanasopoulos, P. (2017). "The Whorfian Time Warp: Representing Duration Through the Language Hourglass". Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 146(7), 911–916. [https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0000314 doi:10.1037/xge0000314]</ref>

Expanding on this, research on time-space congruency suggests that temporal perception is shaped by spatial metaphors embedded in language. In many languages, time is conceptualized along a horizontal axis (e.g., "looking forward to the future" in English). However, Mandarin speakers also employ vertical metaphors for time, referring to earlier events as "up" and later events as "down".<ref name="BoroditskyFuhrmanMcCormick2011">Boroditsky, L., Fuhrman, O., & McCormick, K. (2011). "Do English and Mandarin speakers think about time differently?". Cognition, 118(1), 123–129. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2010.09.010 doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2010.09.010]</ref> Experiments have shown that Mandarin speakers are quicker to recognize temporal sequences when they are presented vertically, whereas English speakers exhibit no such bias.