Editing Kardashev scale (section)

=== The Byurakan Conference (1964) ===<!-- I have submitted a draft of the article (again, translated from French). If it is accepted, I will link it here. - IrrationalBeing, 2023-08-23 -->

From 1962, Kardashev was a member of a [[Search for extraterrestrial intelligence|SETI]] research group at the [[Sternberg Astronomical Institute]] in Moscow. In 1964, he organized the first [[Soviet people|Soviet]] conference on the possibility of extraterrestrial civilizations, which was held at the Byurakan astrophysical observatory in [[Armenia]].<ref name="Darling-2">{{Cite web |last=Darling |first=David |title=Kardashev, Nikolai Semenovich (1932–2019) |url=http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/K/Kardashev.html |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=www.daviddarling.info |archive-date=2023-08-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811052722/https://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/K/Kardashev.html |url-status=live }}</ref> This national conference was held in response to the American seminar known as the ''Green Bank conference'' of 1961, which was held at the [[Green Bank Observatory|Green Bank observatory]] in the United States.<ref name="Spangenburg-2004">{{Cite book |last1=Spangenburg |first1=Ray |title=Carl Sagan: A Biography |last2=Moser |first2=Kit |date=2004 |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]] |isbn=978-1591026587 |series=Greenwood Biographies |page=75 |language=en}}</ref> It brought together [[Radio astronomy|radio astronomers]] with the aim of "finding rational technical and linguistic solutions to the problem of communication with an extraterrestrial civilization that is more advanced than the Earth's civilization". Kardashev presented his classification, while Troitskii announced that it was possible to detect signals from other galaxies.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tovmasyan |first=G. M. |title=Extraterrestrial Civilizations – Problems of Interstellar Communication |year=1971 |editor-last=Kaplan |editor-first=Samuil Aronovich |chapter=Extraterrestrial Civilizations: Proceedings of the First All-Union Conference on Extraterrestrial Civilizations and Interstellar Communication}}</ref>

For Kardashev, "in the next 5 to 10 years, all the sources of radiation with the largest observable flux, in all the regions of the [[electromagnetic spectrum]], will have been discovered and studied", the sensitivity of the listening devices having indeed reached their technical limits. According to him, the entire electromagnetic spectrum will be known and, consequently, the list of the objects that could be artificial sources could thus be extended. The search for artificial signals will then have to concentrate on objects of maximum [[luminosity]] or radiation belonging to a certain region of the spectrum, but also on objects of significant mass, and on those that represent the essence of matter in the Universe. As early as 1971, Kardashev considered that this observation requires the preparation of a plan of listening and analysis, which will allow the success of the search for extraterrestrial civilizations. Humanity will then be able to solve the "[[Fermi paradox|main dilemma]]", as it was stated by [[Enrico Fermi]].<ref name="Kardashev-1971" /> This dilemma is, according to the Soviet astronomer, is certainly connected with our lack of information and knowledge.<ref name="Kardashev-1971" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dick |first=Steven J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dhc6yIlPbpwC |title=The Biological Universe The Twentieth Century Extraterrestrial Life Debate and the Limits of Science |date=1999 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0521663618 |edition=1st |archive-date=2023-08-29 |access-date=2023-08-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829131402/https://books.google.com/books?id=Dhc6yIlPbpwC |url-status=live }}</ref>

Kardashev believes that a research project like [[Project Ozma|Ozma]] is incapable of detecting a Type&nbsp;I civilization (an idea also promoted by Kaplan in 1971),<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Kaplan |first=Samuil Aronovich |title=Extraterrestrial Civilizations – Problems of Interstellar Communication |year=1971 |pages=1–11 |chapter=Exosociology – The Search for Signals From Extraterrestrial Civilizations}}</ref> and that SETI should instead focus on searching for intense radio signals that could emanate from active Type&nbsp;II or III civilizations.<ref name="Galantai-2006" /> To prove the effectiveness of this approach, Kardashev therefore turned his attention to two radio sources discovered by the [[California Institute of Technology]], nicknamed CTA-21 and [[CTA-102]]. Subsequently, Gennadii Borisovich Sholomitskii then used the Russian astronomical research station to study the data from CTA-102.<ref name="Spangenburg-2004" /> He found that this [[Astronomical radio source|radio source]] is characterized by its variability. Kardashev then considered that this could be an indication of an artificial emission source, albeit of rather short life span.<ref name="Darling-2" />