Editing Intravenous therapy (section)

== History ==
===Discovery and development===
The first recorded attempt at administering a therapeutic substance via IV injection was in 1492, when [[Pope Innocent VIII]] fell ill and was administered blood from healthy individuals.<ref name="Millam">{{cite journal |last1=Millam |first1=D |title=The history of intravenous therapy. |journal=Journal of Intravenous Nursing |date=January 1996 |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=5–14 |pmid=8708844}}</ref> If this occurred, the treatment did not work and resulted in the death of the donors while not healing the pope.<ref name="Millam" /> This story is disputed by some, who claim that the idea of blood transfusions could not have been considered by the medical professionals at the time, or that a complete description of blood circulation was not published until over 100 years later. The story is attributed to potential errors in translation of documents from the time, as well as potentially an intentional fabrication, whereas others still consider it to be accurate.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lindeboom |first1=G. A. |title=The Story of a Blood Transfusion to a Pope |journal=Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences |date=1954 |volume=IX |issue=4 |pages=455–459 |doi=10.1093/jhmas/IX.4.455|pmid=13212030 }}</ref> One of the leading medical history textbooks for medical and nursing students has claimed that the entire story was an anti-semitic fabrication.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Duffin |first1=Jacalyn |title=History of medicine: a scandalously short introduction |date=2010 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |location=Toronto [Ont.] |isbn=9780802098252 |pages=198–199 |edition=2nd |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmedicin0000duff/page/198/mode/2up}}</ref>

In 1656 [[Christopher Wren|Sir Christopher Wren]] and [[Robert Boyle]] worked on the subject. As stated by Wren, "I Have Injected Wine and Ale in a liveing Dog into the Mass of Blood by a Veine, in good Quantities, till I have made him extremely drunk, but soon after he Pisseth it out." The dog survived, grew fat, and was later stolen from his owner. Boyle attributed authorship to Wren.<ref>Jorge Dagnino; ''Wren, Boyle, and the Origins of Intravenous Injections and the Royal Society of London''. Anesthesiology 2009; 111:923–924 https://doi.org/10.1097/ALN.0b013e3181b56163</ref>

[[Richard Lower (physician)|Richard Lower]] showed it was possible for blood to be transfused from animal to animal and from animal to man intravenously, a [[xenotransfusion]]. He worked with [[Sir Edmund King|Edmund King]] to transfuse sheep's blood into a man who was mentally ill. Lower was interested in advancing science but also believed the man could be helped, either by the infusion of fresh blood or by the removal of old blood. It was difficult to find people who would agree to be transfused, but an eccentric scholar, Arthur Coga, consented and the procedure was carried out by Lower and King before the [[Royal Society]] on 23 November 1667.<ref>Felts, J. H. (2000). Richard Lower: anatomist and physiologist. Annals of internal medicine, 133(6), 485.</ref> Transfusion gathered some popularity in France and Italy, but medical and theological debates arose, resulting in transfusion being prohibited in France.

There was virtually no recorded success with any attempts at injection therapy until the 1800s, when in 1831 [[Thomas Latta]] studied the use of IV fluid replacements for [[cholera]] treatment.<ref name="Millam" /><ref>{{cite journal |last=MacGillivray |first=Neil |year=2009 |title=Dr Thomas Latta: the father of intravenous infusion therapy |journal=[[Journal of Infection Prevention]] |volume=10 |issue=Suppl. 1 |pages=3–6 |doi=10.1177/1757177409342141 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The first solutions which saw widespread use for IV injections were simple "saline-like solutions", which were followed by experiments with various other liquids, including milk, sugar, honey, and egg yolk.<ref name="Millam" /> In the 1830s, [[James Blundell (physician)|James Blundell]], an English obstetrician, used intravenous administration of blood to treat women bleeding profusely during or after delivery.<ref name="Millam" /> This predated the understanding of [[blood type]], leading to unpredictable results.

===Modern usage===
Intravenous therapy was expanded by Italian physician [[Guido Baccelli]] in the late 1890s<ref>See, for example, the Nobel Prize Nomination Database: https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/redirector/?redir=archive/</ref> and further developed in the 1930s by Samuel Hirschfeld, Harold T. Hyman and [[Justine Johnstone|Justine Johnstone Wanger]]<ref>{{cite book | last = Stanley | first = Autumn | title = Mothers and daughters of invention: notes for a revised history of technology | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=uRJt7QqA7GEC | access-date = 2011-06-05 | year = 1995 | publisher = Rutgers University Press | isbn = 978-0-8135-2197-8 | pages = 141–142  | quote = Wanger and colleagues had in effect invented the modern I.V.-drip method of drug delivery [...] }}</ref><ref>
{{cite journal | last1 = Hirschfeld | first1 = Samuel | last2 = Hyman | first2 = Harold Thomas | last3 = Wanger | first3 = Justine J. | author-link3 = Justine Johnstone | date = February 1931 | title = Influence of velocity on the response to intravenous injections | journal = [[Archives of Internal Medicine]] | volume = 47 | issue = 2 | pages = 259–287 | doi = 10.1001/archinte.1931.00140200095007 }}</ref> but was not widely available until the 1950s.<ref>{{cite web | first = Laura | last = Geggel | date = 3 December 2012 | url = http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/12/03/spotlight-on-a-rare-condition/ | title = A Royal Spotlight on a Rare Condition | work = [[The New York Times]] }}</ref> There was a time, roughly the 1910s–1920s, when fluid replacement that today would be done intravenously was likelier to be done with a [[Murphy drip]], a rectal infusion; and IV therapy took years to increasingly displace that route.<!--Mentioned here as relevant to IV history; the information is according to that article; for references, see the ones cited there.--> In the 1960s, the concept of providing a person's complete nutritional needs through an IV solution began to be seriously considered. The first parenteral nutrition supplementation consisted of [[hydrolyzed protein]]s and dextrose.<ref name="Millam" /> This was followed in 1975 with the introduction of intravenous [[fat emulsion]]s and vitamins which were added to form "total parenteral nutrition", or that which includes protein, fat, and carbohydrates.<ref name="Millam" />