Editing Imperialism (section)

=== Russia ===
{{main |Russian imperialism}}
====Russian Empire====
{{further |Territorial evolution of Russia }}
[[File:Russian expansion 1300-1914.png|thumb|Expansion of the Tsardom and Empire of Russia until 1914]]
By the 18th century, the [[Russian Empire]] extended its control to the Pacific, peacefully forming a common border with the [[Qing Empire]] and [[Empire of Japan]]. This took place in a large number of military invasions of the lands east, west, and south of it. The [[Polish–Russian War of 1792]] took place after Polish nobility from the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] wrote the [[Constitution of 3 May 1791]]. The war resulted in eastern [[Poland]] being conquered by Imperial Russia as a colony until 1918. The southern campaigns involved a series of [[Russo-Persian Wars]], which began with the [[Persian Expedition of 1796]], resulting in the acquisition of [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] as a protectorate. Between 1800 and 1864, Imperial armies invaded south in the [[Russian conquest of the Caucasus]], the [[Murid War]], and the [[Russo-Circassian War]]. This last conflict led to the [[ethnic cleansing of Circassians]] from their lands. The [[Russian conquest of Siberia]] over the [[Khanate of Sibir]] took place in the 16th and 17th centuries, and resulted in the slaughter of various indigenous tribes by Russians, including the [[Daur people|Daur]], the [[Koryaks]], the [[Itelmens]], [[Mansi people]] and the [[Chukchi people|Chukchi]]. The Russian colonization of Central and Eastern Europe and Siberia and treatment of the resident indigenous peoples has been compared to European colonization of the Americas, with similar negative impacts on the indigenous Siberians as upon the indigenous peoples of the Americas. The extermination of indigenous Siberian tribes was so complete that a relatively small population of only 180,000 are said to exist today. The Russian Empire exploited and suppressed [[Cossacks]] hosts during this period, before turning them into the special military estate [[Sosloviye]] in the late 18th century. Cossacks were then used in Imperial Russian campaigns against other tribes.<ref>Willard Sunderland, "An Empire of Peasants. Empire-Building, Interethnic Interaction, and Ethnic Stereotyping in the Rural World of the Russian Empire, 1800–1850s." ''Imperial Russia. New histories for the Empire'' (1998): 174–198.</ref>

The acquisition of Ukraine by Russia commenced in 1654 with the [[Pereiaslav Agreement]]. Georgia's accession to Russia in 1783 was marked by the [[Treaty of Georgievsk]].

====Soviet Union====
{{further|Soviet empire}}
[[File:Former Russia-controlled territories without Alaska.png|thumb|{{Legend2|#673334}}Soviet Union<br/>{{Legend2|#800000}}Soviet territories that were never part of Imperial Russia: [[Tuvan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic|Tuva]], [[Kaliningrad Oblast|East Prussia]], [[western Ukraine]], [[Kuril Islands dispute|Kuril Islands]]<br/>{{Legend2|#B31B1B}}Imperial territories that did not become part of the Soviet Union<br />{{Legend2|#FF0000}}Soviet sphere of influence: [[Warsaw Pact]], [[Mongolian People's Republic|Mongolia]]<br />{{Legend2|#FB607F}}Soviet military occupation: [[Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran|northern Iran]], [[Soviet occupation of Manchuria|Manchuria]], [[Soviet Civil Administration|northern Korea]], [[Soviet invasion of Xinjiang|Xinjiang]], [[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan|Afghanistan]]]]
[[Bolshevik]] leaders had effectively reestablished a polity with roughly the same extent as that empire by 1921, however with an internationalist ideology: Lenin in particular asserted the right to limited self-determination for national minorities within the new territory.<ref>{{Cite book |last=V.I. Lenin |url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1913/crnq/index.htm |title=Critical Remarks on the National Question |publisher=Prosveshcheniye |year=1913}}</ref> Beginning in 1923, the policy of "[[Indigenization]]" [korenizatsiya] was intended to support non-Russians develop their national cultures within a socialist framework. Never formally revoked, it stopped being implemented after 1932{{Citation needed|date=November 2023}}. After World War II, the [[Soviet Union]] installed socialist regimes modeled on those it had installed in 1919–20 in the old [[Russian Empire]], in areas its forces occupied in Eastern Europe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Soviet Union and Europe after 1945 |url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005506 |access-date=December 30, 2010 |publisher=The U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum}}</ref> The Soviet Union and later the People's Republic of China supported revolutionary and communist movements in foreign nations and colonies to advance their own interests, but were not always successful.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Melvin E. Page |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qFTHBoRvQbsC&pg=PA138 |title=Colonialism: An International Social, Cultural, and Political Encyclopedia |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-57607-335-3 |page=138| publisher=Bloomsbury Academic }}</ref> The USSR provided great assistance to [[Kuomintang]] in 1926–1928 in the formation of a unified Chinese government (see [[Northern Expedition]]). Although then relations with the USSR deteriorated, but the USSR was the only world power that provided military assistance to China against Japanese aggression in 1937–1941 (see [[Sino-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact]]). The victory of the Chinese Communists in the civil war of 1946–1949 relied on the great help of the USSR (see [[Chinese Civil War]]).

Although the [[Soviet Union]] declared itself [[anti-imperialism|anti-imperialist]], critics argue that it exhibited traits common to historic empires.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beissinger |first=Mark R. |year=2006 |title=Soviet Empire as "Family Resemblance" |journal=Slavic Review |volume=65 |issue=2 |pages=294–303 |doi=10.2307/4148594 |jstor=4148594 |s2cid=156553569}}</ref><ref>Dave, Bhavna. 2007 Kazakhstan: Ethnicity, language and power. Abingdon, New York: Routledge.</ref><ref name="olaf">{{Cite journal |last=Caroe |first=Olaf |author-link=Olaf Caroe |date=1953 |title=Soviet Colonialism in Central Asia |journal=Foreign Affairs |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=135–44 |doi=10.2307/20031013 |jstor=20031013}}</ref> Some scholars hold that the Soviet Union was a hybrid entity containing elements common to both multinational empires and nation-states. Some also argued that the USSR practiced colonialism as did other imperial powers and was carrying on the old Russian tradition of expansion and control.<ref name="olaf"/> [[Mao Zedong]] once argued that the Soviet Union had itself become an [[social imperialism|imperialist power]] while maintaining a socialist façade. Moreover, the ideas of imperialism were widely spread in action on the higher levels of government. [[Josip Broz Tito]] and [[Milovan Djilas]] have referred to the [[History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953)|Stalinist USSR]]'s foreign policies, such as the occupation and economic exploitations of [[Eastern Bloc|Eastern Europe]] and its aggressive and hostile policy towards [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] as Soviet imperialism.<ref>{{cite book|last=Djilas|first=Milovan|date=1957|url=https://archive.org/details/816ilasMilovanTheNewClassAnAnalysisOfTheCommunistSystemThamesAndHudson1957|title=The New Class: An Analysis of the Communist System|location=London|publisher=Thames & Hudson|access-date=9 October 2023|via=Internet Archive}}</ref><ref name="Perović, 2007">{{cite journal |title=The Tito–Stalin split: a reassessment in light of new evidence |first=Jeronim |last=Perović |journal=[[Journal of Cold War Studies]] |volume=9 |issue=2 |date=2007 |pages=32–63 |publisher=MIT Press |doi=10.1162/jcws.2007.9.2.32 |s2cid=57567168 |url=https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/62735/1/Perovic_Tito.pdf}}</ref> Some Marxists within the Russian Empire and later the USSR, like [[Sultan Galiev]] and [[Vasyl Shakhrai]], considered the Soviet regime a renewed version of the Russian imperialism and colonialism.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Velychenko |first=Stephen |title=Painting Imperialism and Nationalism Red: The Ukrainian Marxist Critique of Russian Communist Rule in Ukraine, 1918–1925 |year=2015 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=9781442648517 |jstor=10.3138/j.ctv69tft2}}</ref> The crushing of the [[Hungarian Revolution of 1956]] and [[Soviet–Afghan War]] have been cited as examples.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Arendt |first=Hannah |year=1958 |title=Totalitarian Imperialism: Reflections on the Hungarian Revolution |journal=The Journal of Politics |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=5–43 |doi=10.2307/2127387 |jstor=2127387 |s2cid=154428972}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Richard Smith |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VfrIBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT520 |title=The Invasion of Afghanistan and UK-Soviet Relations, 1979-1982: Documents on British Policy Overseas, Series III |last2=Patrick Salmon |last3=Stephen Robert Twigge |year=2012 |isbn=9781136325489 |page=520| publisher=Routledge }}</ref><ref>Alvin Z. Rubinstein, "Soviet Imperialism in Afghanistan." ''Current History'' 79#459 (1980): 80-83.</ref>

====Russia under Putin====
{{further|Russian neo-imperialism|Ruscism}}
[[File:Putin (2022-03-08).jpg|thumb|Russia's president [[Vladimir Putin]] compared himself to Emperor [[Peter the Great]] in an effort to regain former Russian lands.<ref>{{cite news |title=Putin compares himself to Peter the Great over drive to 'take back Russian land' |url=https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2022/06/10/putin-compares-himself-to-peter-the-great-over-drive-to-take-back-russian-land |work=Euronews |date=10 June 2022}}</ref>]]
Since the 2010s, [[Russia under Vladimir Putin]] has been described as [[Russian neo-imperialism|neo-imperialist]].<ref>
*{{cite web |last1=Kolesnikov |first1=Andrei |author1-link=Andrey Kolesnikov (journalist) |title=Blood and Iron: How Nationalist Imperialism Became Russia's State Ideology |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2023/11/blood-and-iron-how-nationalist-imperialism-became-russias-state-ideology?lang=en |publisher=[[Carnegie Russia Eurasia Center]] |date=December 2023}}
*{{cite web |last1=Melvin |first1=Neil |author1-link=Neil Melvin |title=Nationalist and Imperial Thinking Define Putin's Vision for Russia |url=https://www.rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/commentary/nationalist-and-imperial-thinking-define-putins-vision-russia |publisher=[[Royal United Services Institute]] |date=2 March 2022}}
*{{cite book |last1=Van Herpen |first1=Marcel |title=Putin's Wars: The Rise of Russia's New Imperialism |date=2015 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |page=61}}
*{{cite book |last1=McNabb |first1=David |title=Vladimir Putin and Russia's Imperial Revival |date=2017 |publisher=Routledge |page=58}}
*{{cite book |last1=Grigas |first1=Agnia |title=Beyond Crimea: The New Russian Empire |date=2016 |publisher=Yale University Press |pages=2–3, 9}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Mankoff |first1=Jeffrey |title=The War in Ukraine and Eurasia's New Imperial Moment |journal=[[The Washington Quarterly]] |date=2022 |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=127–128 |doi=10.1080/0163660X.2022.2090761 |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/0163660X.2022.2090761}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Götz |first1=Elias |last2=Merlen |first2=Camille-Renaud |title=Russia and the question of world order |journal=[[European Politics and Society]] |date=2019 |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=133–153 |doi=10.1080/23745118.2018.1545181 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23745118.2018.1545181}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Mälksoo |first1=Maria |title=The Postcolonial Moment in Russia's War Against Ukraine |journal=[[Journal of Genocide Research]] |date=2023 |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=471–481 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2022.2074947 |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/14623528.2022.2074947}}
*{{cite magazine |author1=Orlando Figes |author1-link=Orlando Figes |title=Putin Sees Himself as Part of the History of Russia's Tsars—Including Their Imperialism |url=https://time.com/6218211/vladimir-putin-russian-tsars-imperialism/ |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=30 September 2022}}</ref> Russia [[Russian-occupied territories|occupies parts of neighboring countries]] and has engaged in [[Russian irredentism|expansionism]], most notably with the 2008 [[Russo-Georgian War|Russian invasion of Georgia]], the 2014 [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|annexation of Crimea]], and the 2022 [[Russian invasion of Ukraine|invasion of Ukraine]] and [[Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts|annexation of its southeast]]. Russia has also established [[Union State|domination over Belarus]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mankoff |first1=Jeffrey |title=The War in Ukraine and Eurasia's New Imperial Moment |journal=[[The Washington Quarterly]] |date=2022 |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=127–128 |doi=10.1080/0163660X.2022.2090761 |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/0163660X.2022.2090761}}</ref> Four months into the invasion of Ukraine, Putin compared himself to Russian emperor [[Peter the Great]]. He said that [[Tsar]] Peter had [[Treaty of Nystad|returned "Russian land"]] to the empire, and that "it is now also our responsibility to return (Russian) land".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dickinson |first1=Peter |title=Putin admits Ukraine invasion is an imperial war to "return" Russian land |url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/ukrainealert/putin-admits-ukraine-invasion-is-an-imperial-war-to-return-russian-land/ |publisher=[[Atlantic Council]] |date=10 June 2022}}</ref> Kseniya Oksamytna wrote that in Russia media, the invasion was accompanied by discourses of Russian "supremacy". She says that this likely fuelled [[War crimes in the Russian invasion of Ukraine|war crimes against Ukrainians]] and that "the behavior of Russian forces bore all hallmarks of imperial violence".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Oksamytna |first1=Kseniya |title=Imperialism, supremacy, and the Russian invasion of Ukraine |journal=[[Contemporary Security Policy]] |date=October 2023 |volume=44 |issue=4 |pages=497–512 |doi=10.1080/13523260.2023.2259661 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13523260.2023.2259661#abstract}}</ref> The Putin regime has revived imperial ideas such as the "[[Russian world]]"<ref>{{cite book |last1=Grigas |first1=Agnia |title=Beyond Crimea: The New Russian Empire |date=2016 |publisher=Yale University Press |pages=30–31}}</ref> and the ideology of [[Eurasianism]].<ref>"Hirsh Eurasianism">{{cite web |author1=Michael Hirsh |author1-link=Michael Hirsh (journalist) |title=Putin's Thousand-Year War |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/03/12/putins-thousand-year-war/ |website=[[Foreign Policy]] |date=12 March 2022}}</ref> It has used [[Russian disinformation|disinformation]] and the [[Russian diaspora]] to undermine the sovereignty of other countries.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Grigas |first1=Agnia |title=Beyond Crimea: The New Russian Empire |date=2016 |publisher=Yale University Press |pages=2–3, 9}}</ref> Russia is also accused of [[Neocolonialism#Russia|neo-colonialism in Africa]], mainly through the [[Wagner Group activities in Africa|activities of the Wagner Group and Africa Corps]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Doboš |first1=Bohumil |last2=Purton |first2=Alexander |title=Proxy Neo-colonialism? The Case of Wagner Group in the Central African Republic |journal=[[Insight on Africa]] |date=2024 |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=7–21 |doi=10.1177/09750878231209705 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=How Russia's Wagner Group funds its role in Putin's Ukraine war by plundering Africa's resources |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/russia-wagner-group-ukraine-war-putin-prigozhin-africa-plundering-resources/ |work=CBS News |date=16 May 2023 |access-date=25 August 2023 |archive-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622145256/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/russia-wagner-group-ukraine-war-putin-prigozhin-africa-plundering-resources/ |url-status=live}}</ref>