Editing History of the United States (section)

===War of 1812===
{{Main|War of 1812}}
{{See also|History of the United States (1789–1815)}}

Americans were increasingly angered by the British violation of American ships' neutral rights to harm France, the [[Impressment|coercion]] of 10,000 American sailors needed by the [[Royal Navy]] to fight Napoleon, and British support for hostile Indians attacking American settlers in the [[American Midwest]] with the goal of creating a pro-British [[Indian barrier state]] to block American expansion westward. They may also have wished to annex all or part of [[British North America]], although this is still heavily debated.{{Sfn|Stagg, Madison's War|page=4}}<ref>{{Cite book |title=Manifest Destiny and the Expansion of America |url=https://archive.org/details/turningpointsact00carl_912 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2007 |isbn=9781851098330 |editor-last=Carlisle |editor-first=Rodney P. |page=[https://archive.org/details/turningpointsact00carl_912/page/n64 44] |ref={{SfnRef|Carlisle and Golson}} |editor-last2=Golson |editor-first2=J. Geoffrey}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pratt |first=Julius W. |title=Expansionists of 1812 |year=1925 |page=}}</ref>{{page needed|date=December 2024}}<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Heidler |first1=David |title=The War of 1812 |last2=Heidler |first2=Jeanne T. |page=4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Tucker |first=Spencer |title=The Encyclopedia of the War of 1812 |page=236}}</ref> Despite strong opposition from the [[Northeastern United States|Northeast]], especially from Federalists who did not want to disrupt trade with Britain, Congress [[United States declaration of war on the United Kingdom|declared war on the United Kingdom]] on June 18, 1812.{{Sfn|Wood, Empire of Liberty|pages=660-672}}

[[File:Battle erie.jpg|thumb|[[Oliver Hazard Perry]]'s message to [[William Henry Harrison]] after the [[Battle of Lake Erie]] began with: "We have met the enemy and they are ours", depicted in a painting by [[William H. Powell]] in 1865<ref>{{Cite web |title="We have met the enemy and they are ours" |work=[[U.S. National Park Service]] |url=https://www.nps.gov/articles/met-the-enemy-4.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818083855/https://www.nps.gov/articles/met-the-enemy-4.htm |archive-date=August 18, 2018 |access-date=August 18, 2018}}</ref>]]
Both sides tried to invade the other and were repulsed. The American militia proved ineffective because the soldiers were reluctant to leave home, and efforts to invade Canada repeatedly failed. The British blockade ruined American commerce, bankrupted the Treasury, and further angered New Englanders, who smuggled supplies to Britain. The Americans under General [[William Henry Harrison]] finally [[Battle of Lake Erie|gained naval control of Lake Erie]] and defeated the Indians under [[Tecumseh]] in Canada,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Smelser |first=Marshall |date=March 1969 |title=Tecumseh, Harrison, and the War of 1812 |url=http://purl.dlib.indiana.edu/iudl/imh/printable/VAA4025-065-1-a02 |journal=Indiana Magazine of History |volume=65 |issue=1 |pages=25–44 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200325223126/http://fedora.dlib.indiana.edu:8080/iudl-dissem/pdf?fullItemId=%2Fimh%2FVAA4025-065-1-a02 |archive-date=March 25, 2020}}</ref> while [[Andrew Jackson]] ended the Indian threat in the Southeast. The Indian threat to expansion into the Midwest was permanently ended. The British invaded and occupied much of Maine.

In 1814, the British [[Burning of Washington|raided and burned Washington]] but were [[Battle of Baltimore|repelled at Baltimore]], where "[[The Star-Spangled Banner]]" was written to celebrate the American success. In upstate New York, a major British invasion of New York State was turned back at the [[Battle of Plattsburgh]]. In early 1815, Andrew Jackson decisively defeated a major British invasion at the [[Battle of New Orleans]],{{Sfn|Stagg, War of 1812|page=}}{{page needed|date=December 2024}} and the Americans finally claimed victory on February 18, as news came almost simultaneously of Jackson's victory of New Orleans and the [[Treaty of Ghent|peace treaty]] that left the prewar boundaries in place. This "second war of independence" helped lead to an emerging American identity that cemented [[national pride]] over state pride.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Remini |first=Robert V. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/167504400 |title=A Short history of the United States |year=2008 |publisher=HarperCollins Publishers |isbn=978-0-06-083144-8 |edition=1st |location=New York |pages=74–75 |oclc=167504400}}</ref> The War of 1812 also dispelled America's negative perception of a [[standing army]] as opposed to ill-equipped and poorly-trained militias.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Langguth |first=A.J. |title=Union 1812: The Americans Who Fought the Second War of Independence |url=https://archive.org/details/union181200ajla |year=2006 |chapter=24: Afterward (1815–1861) |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=9780743226189}}</ref>