Editing History of the Americas (section)

==20th century==
===North America===
{{main|History of North America}}
{{further|Canada in the world wars and interwar period|Mexican Revolution|History of the United States (1917–1945)}}
[[File:New Names Canadian WW1 recruiting poster.jpg|thumb|A Canadian World War I recruiting poster (1914–1918)]]

As a part of the [[British Empire]], Canada immediately entered World War I when it broke out in 1914. Canada bore the brunt of several major battles during the early stages of the war, including the use of [[Chemical weapons in World War I|poison gas]] attacks at [[Second Battle of Ypres|Ypres]]. Losses became grave, and the government eventually brought in [[conscription]], despite the fact this was against the wishes of the majority of [[French Canadians]]. In the ensuing [[Conscription Crisis of 1917]], riots broke out on the streets of [[Montreal]]. In neighboring Newfoundland, the new dominion suffered a devastating loss on 1 July 1916, the [[First day on the Somme]].

The United States stayed out of the conflict [[American entry into World War I|until 1917]], when it joined the Entente powers. The United States was then able to play a crucial role at the [[Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)|Paris Peace Conference of 1919]] that shaped [[Interwar period|interwar]] Europe. Mexico was not part of the war, as the country was embroiled in the Mexican Revolution at the time.

{{further|Roaring Twenties|Great Depression|Cristero War}}

The 1920s brought an age of great prosperity in the United States, and to a lesser degree Canada. But the [[Wall Street crash of 1929]] combined with [[Dust Bowl|drought]] ushered in a period of economic hardship in the United States and [[Great Depression in Canada|Canada]]. From 1926 to 1929, there was a popular uprising against the anti-Catholic Mexican government of the time, set off specifically by the anti-clerical provisions of the [[Constitution of Mexico|Mexican Constitution of 1917]].

{{further|Military history of Canada during World War II|Military history of the United States during World War II|United States home front during World War II|SS Potrero del Llano|Faja de Oro|Escuadrón 201}}

Once again, Canada found itself at war before its neighbors, with numerically modest but significant contributions overseas such as the Battle of Hong Kong and the Battle of Britain. The entry of the United States into the war helped to tip the balance in favour of the [[Allies of World War II|allies]]. Two Mexican tankers, transporting oil to the United States, were attacked and sunk by the Germans in the [[Gulf of Mexico]] waters, in 1942. The incident happened in spite of Mexico's neutrality at that time. This led Mexico to enter the conflict with a declaration of war on the Axis nations. The destruction of Europe wrought by the war vaulted all North American countries to more important roles in world affairs, especially the United States, which emerged as a "[[superpower]]".

{{further|History of the United States (1945–1964)|History of Canada (1945–1960)|Civil rights movement}}

The early Cold War era saw the United States as the most powerful nation in a Western coalition of which Mexico and Canada were also a part. In Canada, Quebec was transformed by the [[Quiet Revolution]] and the emergence of [[Quebec nationalism]]. Mexico experienced an era of huge economic growth after World War II, a heavy industrialization process and a growth of its middle class, a period known in Mexican history as ''"El Milagro Mexicano"'' (the Mexican miracle). The Caribbean saw the beginnings of [[decolonization]], while on the largest island the [[Cuban Revolution]] introduced Cold War rivalries into Latin America.

{{further|History of the United States (1964–1980)|History of Canada (1960–1981)}}

The [[civil rights movement]] in the U.S. ended [[Jim Crow laws|Jim Crow]] and empowered black voters in the 1960s, which allowed black citizens to move into high government offices for the first time since Reconstruction. However, the dominant [[New Deal coalition]] collapsed in the mid-1960s in disputes over race and the [[Vietnam War]], and the conservative movement began its rise to power, as [[Modern liberalism in the United States|the once dominant liberalism weakened and collapsed]]. Canada during this era was dominated by the leadership of [[Pierre Trudeau|Pierre Elliot Trudeau]]. In 1982, at the end of his tenure, Canada enshrined a new constitution.

{{further|History of the United States (1980–1991)|History of Canada (1982–present)}}

Canada's [[Brian Mulroney]] not only ran on a similar platform but also favored closer trade ties with the United States. This led to the [[Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement|Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement]] in January 1989. Mexican presidents [[Miguel de la Madrid]], in the early 1980s and [[Carlos Salinas de Gortari]] in the late 1980s, started implementing liberal economic strategies that were seen as a good move. However, Mexico experienced a strong economic recession in 1982 and the Mexican peso suffered a devaluation. In the United States president [[Ronald Reagan]] attempted to move the United States back towards a hard anti-communist line in foreign affairs, in what his supporters saw as an attempt to assert moral leadership (compared to the Soviet Union) in the world community. Domestically, Reagan attempted to bring in a package of [[privatization]] and [[regulation]] to stimulate the economy.

{{further|History of the United States (1991–2008)|History of the United States (2008–present)}}

The end of the Cold War and the beginning of the era of sustained economic expansion coincided during the 1990s. On 1 January 1994, Canada, Mexico and the United States signed the [[North American Free Trade Agreement]], creating the world's largest free trade area. In 2000, [[Vicente Fox]] became the first non-[[Institutional Revolutionary Party|PRI]] candidate to win the Mexican presidency in over 70 years. The optimism of the 1990s was shattered by the [[September 11 attacks|9/11]] attacks of 2001 on the United States, which prompted military intervention in [[Afghanistan]], which also involved Canada. Canada did not support the United States' later move to [[Iraq War|invade Iraq]], however.

In the U.S. the [[Reagan era|Reagan Era]] of conservative national policies, deregulation and tax cuts took control with the election of [[Ronald Reagan]] in 1980. By 2010, political scientists were debating whether the election of [[Barack Obama]] in 2008 represented an end of the Reagan Era, or was only a reaction against the bubble economy of the 2000s (decade), which burst in 2008 and became the [[Great Recession|Late-2000s recession]] with prolonged unemployment.
{{Off topic|date=December 2023}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" style="font-size:100%"
|- style="background:#ececec;"
! [[Country]] or<br />[[Territory]] with [[flag]]
! [[List of countries by area|Area]]<br />(km<sup>2</sup>)<ref name="factbook2008">Land areas and population estimates are taken from ''The 2008 World Factbook'' which currently uses July 2007 data, unless otherwise noted.</ref> (sq&nbsp;mi)
! [[List of countries by population|Population]]<br />(2021 est.){{UN Population|ref}}
! [[List of countries by population density|Population density]]<br />per km<sup>2</sup> (per sq&nbsp;mi)
! [[Capital (political)|Capital]]
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | {{sort|Bermuda|{{flag|Bermuda}}}} (United Kingdom)
| align="right" | {{sort|54|{{convert|54|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}}}
| align="right" | 64,185
| align="right" | {{sort|1,338|1,189/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 1189 * 2.589988110336 round 0}} }}/sq&nbsp;mi)}}
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Hamilton, Bermuda|Hamilton]]
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | {{sort|Canada|{{flag|Canada}}}}
| align="right" | {{sort|9984670|{{convert|9984670|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}}}
| align="right" | 39,858,480
| align="right" | {{sort|3.99|3.99/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 3.99 * 2.589988110336 round 2}} }}/sq&nbsp;mi)}}
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Ottawa]]
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | {{sort|Clipperton Island|{{Flagicon image|Flag of France.svg}}}} [[Clipperton Island]] (France)
| align="right" | {{sort|8.9|{{convert|8.9|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}}}
| align="right" | Uninhabited
| align="right" | {{sort|0|0/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 0 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq&nbsp;mi)}}
| style="text-align:left;" | N/A
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | {{sort|Greenland|{{flag|Greenland}}}} (Denmark)
| align="right" | {{sort|2166086|{{convert|2166086|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}}}
| align="right" | 56,583
| align="right" | {{sort|0.026|0.026/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 0.026 * 2.589988110336 round 3}} }}/sq&nbsp;mi)}}
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Nuuk]]
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | {{sort|Mexico|{{flag|Mexico}}}}
| align="right" | {{sort|1972550|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;{{convert|1972550|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}}}
| align="right" | 129,875,529
| align="right" | {{sort|65.8|65.8/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 65.8 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq&nbsp;mi)}}
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Mexico City]]
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | {{sort|Saint Pierre and Miquelon|[[File:Flag of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon.svg|20px]] [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]]}} (France)
| align="right" | {{sort|242|{{convert|242|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}}}
| align="right" | 6,008
| align="right" | {{sort|24.8|24.8/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 24.8 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq&nbsp;mi)}}
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Saint-Pierre, Saint Pierre and Miquelon|Saint-Pierre]]
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | {{sort|United States|{{flag|United States}}}}
| align="right" | {{sort|3796742|{{convert|3796742|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}}}
| align="right" | 336,997,624
| align="right" | {{sort|88.8|88.8/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 88.8 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq&nbsp;mi)}}
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Washington, D.C.]]
|- class="sortbottom"
! Total
| align="right" | {{convert|17,920,353|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| align="right" | 506,807,509
| align="right" | 28.3/km<sup>2</sup> (73.2/sq&nbsp;mi)
|
|}

===Central America===
<div style="float: right; margin: 0 0 1em 2em; width: 20em; text-align: right; font-size: 0.86em; font-family: lucida grande, sans-serif; line-height: normal;"></div><!-- la sección inicia a partir de aquí -->
{{main|History of Central America}}
{{see also|History of Belize|History of Costa Rica|History of El Salvador|History of Guatemala|History of Honduras|History of Nicaragua|History of Panama}}
Despite the failure of a lasting political union, the concept of [[Central American reunification]], though lacking enthusiasm from the leaders of the individual countries, rises from time to time. In 1856–1857 the region successfully established a military coalition to repel an invasion by United States adventurer [[William Walker (filibuster)|William Walker]]. Today, all five nations fly [[flag]]s that retain the old federal motif of two outer blue bands bounding an inner white stripe. (Costa Rica, traditionally the least committed of the five to regional integration, modified its flag significantly in 1848 by darkening the blue and adding a double-wide inner red band, in honor of the French tricolor).

In 1907, a [[Central American Integration System|Central American Court of Justice]] was created. On 13 December 1960, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua established the [[Central American Integration System|Central American Common Market]] ("CACM"). Costa Rica, because of its relative economic prosperity and political stability, chose not to participate in the CACM. The goals for the CACM were to create greater political unification and success of [[import substitution industrialization]] policies. The project was an immediate economic success, but was abandoned after the 1969 "[[Football War]]" between El Salvador and Honduras. A [[Central American Parliament]] has operated, as a purely advisory body, since 1991. Costa Rica has repeatedly declined invitations to join the regional parliament, which seats deputies from the four other former members of the Union, as well as from [[Panama]] and the [[Dominican Republic]].
{{Off topic|date=December 2023}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" style="font-size:100%"
|- style="background:#ececec;"
! [[Country]] or<br />[[Territory]] with [[flag]]
! [[List of countries by area|Area]]<br />(km<sup>2</sup>)<ref name="factbook2008">Land areas and population estimates are taken from ''The 2008 World Factbook'' which currently uses July 2007 data, unless otherwise noted.</ref> (sq&nbsp;mi)
! [[List of countries by population|Population]]<br />(2021 est.){{UN Population|ref}}
! [[List of countries by population density|Population density]]<br />per km<sup>2</sup> (per sq&nbsp;mi)
! [[Capital (political)|Capital]]
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | {{sort|Belize|{{flag|Belize}}}}
| align="right" | {{sort|22970|{{convert|22970|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}}}
| align="right" | 441,471
| align="right" | {{sort|19.22|19.22/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 19.22 * 2.589988110336 round 2}} }}/sq&nbsp;mi)}}
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Belmopan]]
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | {{sort|Costa Rica|{{flag|Costa Rica}}}}
| align="right" | {{sort|51100|{{convert|51100|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}}}
| align="right" | 5,044,197
| align="right" | {{sort|98.7|98.7/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 98.7 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq&nbsp;mi)}}
| style="text-align:left;" | [[San José, Costa Rica|San José]]
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | {{sort|El Salvador|{{flag|El Salvador}}}}
| align="right" | {{sort|21041|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;{{convert|21041|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}}}
| align="right" | 6,602,370
| align="right" | {{sort|314|314/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 314 * 2.589988110336 round 0}} }}/sq&nbsp;mi)}}
| style="text-align:left;" | [[San Salvador]]
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | {{sort|Guatemala|{{flag|Guatemala}}}}
| align="right" | {{sort|108889|{{convert|108889|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}}}
| align="right" | 17,980,803
| align="right" | {{sort|165|165/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 165 * 2.589988110336 round 0}} }}/sq&nbsp;mi)}}
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Guatemala City]]
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | {{sort|Honduras|{{flag|Honduras}}}}
| align="right" | {{sort|112492|&nbsp;&nbsp;{{convert|112492|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}}}
| align="right" | 9,571,352
| align="right" | {{sort|85.1|85.1/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 85.1 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq&nbsp;mi)}}
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Tegucigalpa]]
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | {{sort|Nicaragua|{{flag|Nicaragua}}}}
| align="right" | {{sort|130375|{{convert|130375|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}}}
| align="right" | 6,359,689
| align="right" | {{sort|48.8|48.8/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 48.8 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq&nbsp;mi)}}
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Managua]]
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | {{sort|Panama|{{flag|Panama}}}}
| align="right" | {{sort|75417|&nbsp;&nbsp;{{convert|75417|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}}}
| align="right" | 4,337,768
| align="right" | {{sort|57.5|57.5/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 57.5 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq&nbsp;mi)}}
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Panama City]]
|- class="sortbottom"
! Total
| align="right" | {{convert|522,284|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| align="right" | 50,337,650
| align="right" | 96.4/km<sup>2</sup> (249.6/sq&nbsp;mi)
|
|}

===South America===
{{Main|History of South America}}
In the 1960s and 1970s, the governments of Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Uruguay were overthrown or displaced by U.S.-aligned military dictatorships. These dictatorships detained tens of thousands of [[political prisoner]]s, many of whom were tortured and/or killed (on inter-state collaboration, see [[Operation Condor]]). Economically, they began a transition to [[Neoliberalism|neoliberal]] economic policies. They placed their own actions within the United States [[Cold War]] doctrine of "National Security" against internal subversion. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, Peru suffered from an [[Internal conflict in Peru|internal conflict]] (see [[Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement]] and [[Shining Path]]). Revolutionary movements and right-wing military dictatorships have been common, but starting in the 1980s a wave of democratization came through the continent, and democratic rule is widespread now. Allegations of corruption remain common, and several nations have seen crises which have forced the resignation of their presidents, although normal civilian succession has continued.

[[Debt of developing countries|International indebtedness]] became a notable problem, as most recently illustrated by [[Argentina]]'s [[1998–2002 Argentine great depression|default]] in the early 21st century. In recent years, South American governments have drifted to the left, with [[Socialism|socialist]] leaders being elected in Chile, [[Bolivia]], Brazil, [[Venezuela]], and a leftist president in Argentina and [[Uruguay]]. Despite the move to the left, South America is still largely capitalist. With the founding of the [[Union of South American Nations]], South America has started down the road of economic integration, with plans for political integration in the [[European Union]] style.
{{Off topic|date=December 2023}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" style="font-size:100%"
|- style="background:#ececec;"
! [[Country]] or<br />[[Territory]] with [[flag]]
! [[List of countries by area|Area]]<br />(km<sup>2</sup>)<ref name="factbook2008">Land areas and population estimates are taken from ''The 2008 World Factbook'' which currently uses July 2007 data, unless otherwise noted.</ref> (sq&nbsp;mi)
! [[List of countries by population|Population]]<br />(2021 est.){{UN Population|ref}}
! [[List of countries by population density|Population density]]<br />per km<sup>2</sup> (per sq&nbsp;mi)
! [[Capital (political)|Capital]]
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | {{sort|Argentina|{{flag|Argentina}}}}
| align="right" | {{sort|2766890|{{convert|2766890|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}}}
| align="right" | 45,276,780
| align="right" | {{sort|16.4|16.4/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 16.4 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq&nbsp;mi)}}
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Buenos Aires]]
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | {{sort|Bolivia|{{flag|Bolivia}}}}
| align="right" | {{sort|1098580|{{convert|1098580|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}}}
| align="right" | 12,079,472
| align="right" | {{sort|11.0|11.0/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 11.0 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq&nbsp;mi)}}
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Sucre]]; [[La Paz]]<ref>[[La Paz]] is the administrative capital of [[Bolivia]];<br /></ref>
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | {{sort|Brazil|{{flag|Brazil}}}}
| align="right" | {{sort|8514877|{{convert|8514877|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}}}
| align="right" | 214,326,223
| align="right" | {{sort|25.2|25.2/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 25.2 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq&nbsp;mi)}}
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Brasília]]
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | {{sort|Chile|{{flag|Chile}}}}<ref>Includes [[Easter Island]] in the Pacific Ocean, a [[Chile]]an territory frequently reckoned in [[Oceania]]. [[Santiago]] is the administrative capital of Chile; [[Valparaíso]] is the site of legislative meetings.<br /></ref>
| align="right" | {{sort|756950|&nbsp;&nbsp;{{convert|756950|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}}}
| align="right" | 19,493,184
| align="right" | {{sort|25.8|25.8/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 25.8 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq&nbsp;mi)}}
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Santiago]]
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | {{sort|Colombia|{{flag|Colombia}}}}
| align="right" | {{sort|1138910|{{convert|1138910|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}}}
| align="right" | 51,516,562
| align="right" | {{sort|45.2|45.2/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 45.2 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq&nbsp;mi)}}
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Bogotá]]
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | {{sort|Ecuador|{{flag|Ecuador}}}}
| align="right" | {{sort|0283560|&nbsp;&nbsp;{{convert|283560|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}}}
| align="right" | 17,797,737
| align="right" | {{sort|62.8|62.8/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 62.8 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq&nbsp;mi)}}
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Quito]]
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | {{sort|Falkland Islands|{{flag|Falkland Islands}}}} (United Kingdom)<ref>Claimed by [[Argentina]].<br /></ref>
| align="right" | {{sort|0012173|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;{{convert|12173|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}}}
| align="right" | 3,398<ref>{{Cite web |year=2017 |title=2016 Census Report |url=http://www.fig.gov.fk/policy/index.php/component/jdownloads/finish/5-statistics/4788-falkland-islands-census-2016-report/0?Itemid=0#page=14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180124232820/http://www.fig.gov.fk/policy/index.php/component/jdownloads/finish/5-statistics/4788-falkland-islands-census-2016-report/0?Itemid=0 |archive-date=24 January 2018 |publisher=Policy and Economic Development Unit, Falkland Islands Government}}</ref>
| align="right" | {{sort|0.28|0.28/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 0.28 * 2.589988110336 round 2}} }}/sq&nbsp;mi)}}
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Stanley, Falkland Islands|Stanley]]
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | {{sort|French Guiana|{{Flagicon image|Flag of French Guiana.svg}}}} [[French Guiana]] (France)
| align="right" | {{sort|0091000|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;{{convert|91000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}}}
| align="right" | 294,071<ref name="pop">{{cite web |author=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques (France)|INSEE]] |title=Estimation de population par région, sexe et grande classe d'âge – Années 1975 à 2021 |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/1893198/estim-pop-nreg-sexe-gca-1975-2021.xls |access-date=2021-01-21 |language=fr}}</ref>
| align="right" | {{sort|3.23|3.23/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 3.23 * 2.589988110336 round 2}} }}/sq&nbsp;mi)}}
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Cayenne]]
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | {{sort|Guyana|{{flag|Guyana}}}}
| align="right" | {{sort|0214999|&nbsp;&nbsp;{{convert|214999|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}}}
| align="right" | 804,567
| align="right" | {{sort|3.74|3.74/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 3.74 * 2.589988110336 round 2}} }}/sq&nbsp;mi)}}
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Georgetown, Guyana|Georgetown]]
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | {{sort|Paraguay|{{flag|Paraguay}}}}
| align="right" | {{sort|0406750|&nbsp;&nbsp;{{convert|406750|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}}}
| align="right" | 6,831,306
| align="right" | {{sort|16.8|16.8/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 16.8 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq&nbsp;mi)}}
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Asunción]]
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | {{sort|Peru|{{flag|Peru}}}}
| align="right" | {{sort|1285220|{{convert|1285220|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}}}
| align="right" | 33,715,471
| align="right" | {{sort|26.2|26.2/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 26.2 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq&nbsp;mi)}}
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Lima]]
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | {{sort|South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands|{{flagicon|South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands}} [[South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands|South Georgia and<br />South Sandwich Islands]] (United Kingdom)}}<ref>Claimed by Argentina; the [[South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands]] in the [[Atlantic Ocean|South Atlantic Ocean]] are commonly associated with [[Antarctica]] (due to proximity) and have no permanent population, only hosting a periodic contingent of about 100 researchers and visitors.<br /></ref>
| aright" | {{sort|0003093|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;{{convert|3093|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}}}
| align="right" | 20
| align="right" | {{sort|0.01|0.01/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 0.01 * 2.589988110336 round 2}} }}/sq&nbsp;mi)}}
| style="text-align:left;" | [[King Edward Point]]
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | {{sort|Suriname|{{flag|Suriname}}}}
| align="right" | {{sort|0163270|&nbsp;&nbsp;{{convert|163270|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}}}
| align="right" | 612,985
| align="right" | {{sort|3.75|3.75/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 3.75 * 2.589988110336 round 2}} }}/sq&nbsp;mi)}}
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Paramaribo]]
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | {{sort|Uruguay|{{flag|Uruguay}}}}
| align="right" | {{sort|0176220|&nbsp;&nbsp;{{convert|176220|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}}}
| align="right" | 3,477,780
| align="right" | {{sort|19.7|19.7/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 19.7 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq&nbsp;mi)}}
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Montevideo]]
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | {{sort|Venezuela|{{flag|Venezuela}}}}
| align="right" | {{sort|0916445|&nbsp;&nbsp;{{convert|916445|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}}}
| align="right" | 28,199,867
| align="right" | {{sort|30.8|30.8/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 30.8 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq&nbsp;mi)}}
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Caracas]]
|- class="sortbottom"
! Total
| align="right" | {{convert|17,828,937|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| align="right" | {{nts|434,429,423}}
| align="right" | 24.4/km<sup>2</sup> ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 24.4 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq&nbsp;mi)
|
|}

=== Caribbean ===
{{Main|History of the Caribbean}}
Throughout the 20th century, several island countries, such as [[Jamaica]] and [[Barbados]] gained independence from British rule. As a result, many of the English-speaking states and territories shifted their economies to tourism and offshore bank industries.

During the Cold War, the Caribbean has faced a series of military interventions from the United States, such as the [[Banana Wars]] and the [[Cuban Missile Crisis]].
{{Off topic|date=December 2023}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" style="font-size:100%"
|- style="background:#ececec;"
! [[Country]] or<br />[[Territory]] with [[flag]]
! [[List of countries by area|Area]]<br />(km<sup>2</sup>)<ref name="factbook2008">Land areas and population estimates are taken from ''The 2008 World Factbook'' which currently uses July 2007 data, unless otherwise noted.</ref> (sq&nbsp;mi)
! [[List of countries by population|Population]]<br />(2021 est.){{UN Population|ref}}
! [[List of countries by population density|Population density]]<br />per km<sup>2</sup> (per sq&nbsp;mi)
! [[Capital (political)|Capital]]
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | {{sort|Anguilla|{{flag|Anguilla}}}} (United Kingdom)
| align="right" | {{sort|102|{{convert|102|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}}}
| align="right" | 15,753
| align="right" | {{sort|154.4|154.4/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 154.4 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq&nbsp;mi)}}
| style="text-align:left;" | [[The Valley, Anguilla|The Valley]]
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | {{sort|Antigua and Barbuda|{{flag|Antigua and Barbuda}}}}
| align="right" | {{sort|442|{{convert|442|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}}}
| align="right" | 93,219
| align="right" | {{sort|210.9|210.9/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 210.9 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq&nbsp;mi)}}
| style="text-align:left;" | [[St. John's, Antigua and Barbuda|St. John's]]
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | {{sort|Aruba|{{flag|Aruba}}}} ([[Netherlands]])
| align="right" | {{sort|180|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;{{convert|180|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}}}
| align="right" | 106,537
| align="right" | {{sort|591.9|591.9/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 591.9 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq&nbsp;mi)}}
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Oranjestad, Aruba|Oranjestad]]
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | {{sort|The Bahamas|{{flag|The Bahamas}}}}
| align="right" | {{sort|13943|{{convert|13943|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}}}
| align="right" | 407,906
| align="right" | {{sort|29.3|29.3/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 29.3 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq&nbsp;mi)}}
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Nassau, Bahamas|Nassau]]
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | {{sort|Bajo Nuevo Bank}} (United States / Colombia / Jamaica)
| align="right" | {{sort|100|&nbsp;&nbsp;{{convert|100|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}}}
| align="right" | Uninhabited
| align="right" | {{sort|0.0|0.0/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 0.0 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq&nbsp;mi)}}
| style="text-align:left;" | N/A
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | {{sort|Barbados|{{flag|Barbados}}}}
| align="right" | {{sort|430|&nbsp;&nbsp;{{convert|430|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}}}
| align="right" | 287,025
| align="right" | {{sort|667.5|667.5/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 667.5 * 2.589988110336 round 0}} }}/sq&nbsp;mi)}}
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Bridgetown]]
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | {{sort|Bonaire|{{flag|Bonaire}}}} (Netherlands)
| align="right" | {{sort|294|{{convert|294|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}}}
| align="right" | 20,104
| align="right" | {{sort|68.4|68.4/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 68.4 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq&nbsp;mi)}}
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Kralendijk]]
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | {{sort|British Virgin Islands|{{flag|British Virgin Islands}}}} (United Kingdom)
| align="right" | {{sort|151|&nbsp;&nbsp;{{convert|151|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}}}
| align="right" | 31,122
| align="right" | {{sort|206.1|206.1/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 206.1 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq&nbsp;mi)}}
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Road Town]]
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | {{sort|Cayman Islands|{{flag|Cayman Islands}}}} (United Kingdom)
| align="right" | {{sort|264|&nbsp;&nbsp;{{convert|264|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}}}
| align="right" | 68,136
| align="right" | {{sort|258.1|258.1/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 258.1 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq&nbsp;mi)}}
| style="text-align:left;" | [[George Town, Cayman Islands|George Town]]
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | {{sort|Cuba|{{flag|Cuba}}}}
| align="right" | {{sort|109,886|&nbsp;&nbsp;{{convert|109,886|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}}}
| align="right" | 11,256,372
| align="right" | {{sort|102.4|102.4/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 102.4 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq&nbsp;mi)}}
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Havana]]
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | {{sort|Curaçao|{{flag|Curaçao}}}} (Netherlands)
| align="right" | {{sort|444|&nbsp;&nbsp;{{convert|444|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}}}
| align="right" | 190,338
| align="right" | {{sort|428.7|428.7/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 428.7 * 2.589988110336 round 0}} }}/sq&nbsp;mi)}}
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Willemstad]]
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | {{sort|Dominica|{{flag|Dominica}}}}
| align="right" | {{sort|751|&nbsp;&nbsp;{{convert|751|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}}}
| align="right" | 72,412
| align="right" | {{sort|96.4|96.4/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 96.4 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq&nbsp;mi)}}
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Roseau]]
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | {{sort|Dominican Republic|{{flag|Dominican Republic}}}}
| align="right" | {{sort|48,671|&nbsp;&nbsp;{{convert|48,671|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}}}
| align="right" | 11,117,873
| align="right" | {{sort|228.4|228.4/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 228.4 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq&nbsp;mi)}}
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Santo Domingo]]
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | {{sort|Federal Dependencies of Venezuela|{{flag|Federal Dependencies of Venezuela}}}} (Venezuela)
| align="right" | {{sort|342|&nbsp;&nbsp;{{convert|342|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}}}
| align="right" | 2,155
| align="right" | {{sort|6.3|6.3/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 6.3 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq&nbsp;mi)}}
| style="text-align:left;" | N/A
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | {{sort|Grenada|{{flag|Grenada}}}}
| align="right" | {{sort|344|&nbsp;&nbsp;{{convert|344|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}}}
| align="right" | 124,610
| align="right" | {{sort|362.2|362.2/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 362.2 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq&nbsp;mi)}}
| style="text-align:left;" | [[St. George's, Grenada|St. George's]]
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | {{sort|Guadeloupe|{{Flagicon image|Flag of Guadeloupe (Local).svg}}}} [[Guadeloupe]] (France)
| align="right" | {{sort|1,628|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;{{convert|1,620|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}}}
| align="right" | 396,051
| align="right" | {{sort|244.5|244.5/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 244.5 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq&nbsp;mi)}}
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Basse-Terre]]
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | {{sort|Haiti|{{flag|Haiti}}}}
| align="right" | {{sort|27,750|&nbsp;&nbsp;{{convert|27,750|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}}}
| align="right" | 11,447,569
| align="right" | {{sort|412.5|412.5/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 412.5 * 2.589988110336 round 0}} }}/sq&nbsp;mi)}}
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Port-au-Prince]]
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | {{sort|Jamaica|{{flag|Jamaica}}}}
| align="right" | {{sort|10,991|&nbsp;&nbsp;{{convert|10,991|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}}}
| align="right" | 2,827,695
| align="right" | {{sort|257.3|257.3/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 257.3 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq&nbsp;mi)}}
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]]
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | {{sort|Martinique|{{Flagicon image|Flag of Martinique.svg}}}} [[Martinique]] (France)
| align="right" | {{sort|1,128|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;{{convert|1,128|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}}}
| align="right" | 368,796
| align="right" | {{sort|326.9|326.9/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 326.9 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq&nbsp;mi)}}
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Fort-de-France]]
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | {{sort|Montserrat|{{flag|Montserrat}}}} (United Kingdom)
| align="right" | {{sort|102|&nbsp;&nbsp;{{convert|102|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}}}
| align="right" | 4,417
| align="right" | {{sort|43.3|43.3/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 43.3 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq&nbsp;mi)}}
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Plymouth, Montserrat|Plymouth]]; [[Brades]]
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | {{sort|Navassa Island}} (United States / Haiti)
| align="right" | {{sort|5|&nbsp;&nbsp;{{convert|5|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}}}
| align="right" | Uninhabited
| align="right" | {{sort|0.0|0.0/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 0.0 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq&nbsp;mi)}}
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Lulu Town]]
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | {{sort|Puerto Rico|{{flag|Puerto Rico}}}} (United States)
| align="right" | {{sort|8,870|&nbsp;&nbsp;{{convert|8,870|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}}}
| align="right" | 3,256,028
| align="right" | {{sort|367.1|367.1/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 367.1 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq&nbsp;mi)}}
| style="text-align:left;" | [[San Juan, Puerto Rico|San Juan]]
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | {{sort|Saba|{{Flag|Saba}}}} (Netherlands)
| align="right" | {{sort|13|&nbsp;&nbsp;{{convert|13|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}}}
| align="right" | 1,537
| align="right" | {{sort|118.2|118.2/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 118.2 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq&nbsp;mi)}}
| style="text-align:left;" | [[The Bottom]]
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | {{sort|Saint Barthélemy|{{Flagicon image|Flag of Saint Barthélemy.svg}}}} [[Saint Barthélemy]] (France)
| align="right" | {{sort|21|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;{{convert|21|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}}}
| align="right" | 7,448
| align="right" | {{sort|354.7|354.7/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 354.7 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq&nbsp;mi)}}
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Gustavia, Saint Barthélemy|Gustavia]]
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | {{sort|Saint Kitts and Nevis|{{flag|Saint Kitts and Nevis}}}}
| align="right" | {{sort|261|&nbsp;&nbsp;{{convert|261|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}}}
| align="right" | 47,606
| align="right" | {{sort|182.4|182.4/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 182.4 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq&nbsp;mi)}}
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Basseterre]]
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | {{sort|Saint Lucia|{{flag|Saint Lucia}}}}
| align="right" | {{sort|539|&nbsp;&nbsp;{{convert|539|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}}}
| align="right" | 179,651
| align="right" | {{sort|333.3|333.3/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 333.3 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq&nbsp;mi)}}
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Castries]]
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | {{sort|Saint Martin|{{Flagicon image|Local flag of the Collectivity of Saint_Martin.svg}}}} [[Collectivity of Saint Martin|Saint Martin]] (France)
| align="right" | {{sort|54|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;{{convert|54|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}}}
| align="right" | 29,820
| align="right" | {{sort|552.2|552.2/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 552.2 * 2.589988110336 round 0}} }}/sq&nbsp;mi)}}
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Marigot, Saint Martin|Marigot]]
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | {{sort|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines|{{flag|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}}}}
| align="right" | {{sort|389|&nbsp;&nbsp;{{convert|389|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}}}
| align="right" | 104,332
| align="right" | {{sort|268.2|268.2/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 268.2 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq&nbsp;mi)}}
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Kingstown]]
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | {{sort|Serranilla Bank}} (United States / Colombia / Honduras)
| align="right" | {{sort|100|&nbsp;&nbsp;{{convert|100|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}}}
| align="right" | Uninhabited
| align="right" | {{sort|0.0|0.0/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 0.0 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq&nbsp;mi)}}
| style="text-align:left;" | N/A
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | {{sort|Sint Eustatius|{{flag|Sint Eustatius}}}} (Netherlands)
| align="right" | {{sort|21|&nbsp;&nbsp;{{convert|21|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}}}
| align="right" | 2,739
| align="right" | {{sort|130.4|130.4/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 130.4 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq&nbsp;mi)}}
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Oranjestad, Sint Eustatius|Oranjestad]]
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | {{sort|Sint Marteen|{{Flag|Sint Maarten}}}} (Netherlands)
| align="right" | {{sort|34|&nbsp;&nbsp;{{convert|34|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}}}
| align="right" | 44,042
| align="right" | {{sort|1,296|1,296/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 1296 * 2.589988110336 round 0}} }}/sq&nbsp;mi)}}
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Philipsburg, Sint Maarten|Philipsburg]]
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | {{sort|Trinidad and Tobago|{{flag|Trinidad and Tobago}}}}
| align="right" | {{sort|5,130|&nbsp;&nbsp;{{convert|5,130|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}}}
| align="right" | 1,525,663
| align="right" | {{sort|297.4|297.4/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 297.4 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq&nbsp;mi)}}
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Port of Spain]]
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | {{sort|Turks and Caicos Islands|{{flag|Turks and Caicos Islands}}}} (United Kingdom)
| align="right" | {{sort|948|&nbsp;&nbsp;{{convert|948|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}}}
| align="right" | 45,144
| align="right" | {{sort|47.6|47.6/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 47.6 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq&nbsp;mi)}}
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Cockburn Town]]
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | {{sort|United States Virgin Islands|{{flag|United States Virgin Islands}}}} (United States)
| align="right" | {{sort|347|&nbsp;&nbsp;{{convert|347|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}}}
| align="right" | 100,091
| align="right" | {{sort|288.4|288.4/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 288.44 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq&nbsp;mi)}}
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Charlotte Amalie, U.S. Virgin Islands|Charlotte Amalie]]
|- class="sortbottom"
! Total
| align="right" | {{convert|234,667|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| align="right" | 44,182,191
| align="right" | 188.3/km<sup>2</sup> (487.6/sq&nbsp;mi)
|
|}