Editing History of Scotland (section)

===Decline and romanticism of the Highlands===
[[File:George IV in kilt, by Wilkie.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.8|''[[George IV in Highland Dress]]'', [[David Wilkie (artist)|David Wilkie]]'s flattering portrait of the [[kilt]]ed [[King George IV]]]]
This period saw a process of rehabilitation for highland culture. Tartan had already been adopted for highland regiments in the British army, which poor highlanders joined in large numbers until the end of the [[Napoleonic Wars]] in 1815, but by the 19th century it had largely been abandoned by the ordinary people. In the 1820s, as part of the [[Romanticism|Romantic revival]], tartan and the kilt were adopted by members of the social elite, not just in Scotland, but across Europe,<ref>J. L. Roberts, [https://books.google.com/books?id=WlnNUCS4R_MC&pg=PA193 ''The Jacobite Wars''], pp. 193–195.</ref><ref name="Sievers2007">M. Sievers, [https://books.google.com/books?id=_U-5sq5MDBQC&q=tartan+highland+romantic&pg=PA23 ''The Highland Myth as an Invented Tradition of 18th and 19th century and Its Significance for the Image of Scotland''] (GRIN Verlag, 2007), pp. 22–25.</ref> prompted by the popularity of Macpherson's Ossian cycle<ref>P. Morère, ''Scotland and France in the Enlightenment'' (Bucknell University Press, 2004), pp. 75–76.</ref><ref>{{Harvp|Ferguson|1998|page=227}}.</ref> and then Walter Scott's Waverley novels. The world paid attention to their literary redefinition of Scottishness, as they forged an image largely based on characteristics in polar opposition to those associated with England and modernity. This new identity made it possible for Scottish culture to become integrated into a wider European and North American context, not to mention tourist sites, but it also locked in a sense of "otherness" which Scotland began to shed only in the late 20th century.<ref>Divine, ''Scottish Nation'' pp. 292–295; for the antecedents created by the Stuarts see Murray Pittock, ''The Invention of Scotland: The Stuart Myth and the Scottish Identity, 1638 to the Present'' (1991)</ref> Scott's "staging" of the royal [[Visit of King George IV to Scotland]] in 1822 and the king's wearing of tartan, resulted in a massive upsurge in demand for kilts and tartans that could not be met by the Scottish linen industry. The designation of individual clan tartans was largely defined in this period and became a major symbol of Scottish identity.<ref>N. C. Milne, [https://books.google.com/books?id=6Z_G1jHe2aAC&pg=PA138 ''Scottish Culture and Traditions''] (Paragon Publishing, 2010), p. 138.</ref> The fashion for all things Scottish was maintained by [[Queen Victoria]], who helped secure the identity of Scotland as a tourist resort, with [[Balmoral Castle]] in Aberdeenshire becoming a major royal residence from 1852.<ref name=Sievers2007/>