Editing History of Peru (section)

====Territorial disputes====
[[File:Tacna-Arica Dispute (1883-1929).svg|thumb|left|Map showing the Tacna-Arica dispute and its solution]]
A final peace treaty was signed between Peru and Chile in 1929, known as the [[Treaty of Lima (1929)|Treaty of Lima]]. As per the treaty, [[Tacna Province (Chile)|Tacna]] returned to Peru and Peru yielded permanently the formerly rich provinces of Arica and Tarapacá, but kept certain rights to the port activities in Arica and restrictions on what Chile can do on those territories. The treaty was controversial in Peru, but nevertheless put a major end to the [[Chilean–Peruvian territorial dispute]].

In 1921, Peruvian captain [[Guillermo Cervantes]] declared the [[Third Federal State of Loreto|Federal State of Loreto]], which existed as a ''[[de facto]]'' [[Autonomy|autonomous]] region of the country. The rebel authorities authorized the distribution of provisional banknotes made out of cardboard used by locals as currency, and local ports were ordered shut, with local trade and navigation being tightly controlled. The revolution was quickly accepted by the local population, but was met negatively by Peru's president [[Augusto Leguía]], who sent a few troops to the area, and shut down trade to the region. The local guerrillas' military inferiority soon became apparent, and by early 1922, a famished Iquitos had been occupied by Peruvian troops headed by Peruvian Captain Genaro Matos, while Cervantes had escaped on January 9 and sought refuge in the [[Ecuador]]ian jungle and his army soon became little more than an insurgency.

In 1922, another treaty, the [[Salomón–Lozano Treaty]], was signed between Peru and [[Colombia]] with the [[United States]] acting as a mediator, where a large amount of territory was ceded to Colombia allowing them access to the [[Amazon River]], further reducing Peru's territory with the exception of a ''de jure'' [[Sucumbíos Triangle|exclave in Sucumbíos]]. This treaty also proved controversial, most notably in Loreto, as protests took place and local dissatisfaction would eventually lead to the [[Leticia Incident]] in 1932. Nevertheless, the treaty also ended the [[Colombian–Peruvian territorial dispute]], although it was also disputed by Ecuador.

In 1924, from [[Mexico]], university reform leaders in Peru who had been forced into exile by the government founded the [[American People's Revolutionary Alliance|American People's Revolutionary Alliance (APRA)]], which had a major influence on the country's political life. APRA is largely a political expression of the university reform and workers' struggles of the years 1918–1920. The movement draws its influences from the [[Mexican Revolution]] and its [[1917 Constitution]], particularly on issues of [[agrarianism]] and [[indigenism]], and to a lesser extent from the [[Russian Revolution]]. Close to [[Marxism]] (its leader, [[Haya de la Torre]], declares that "APRA is the Marxist interpretation of the American reality"), it nevertheless moves away from it on the question of class struggle and on the importance given to the struggle for the political unity of Latin America.<ref>Latin America in the 20th century: 1889–1929, 1991, p. 314-319</ref>

In 1928, the [[Peruvian Communist Party|Peruvian Socialist Party]] was founded,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mariategui (1928): Acta de constitución del Partido Socialista Peruano. |url=https://www.marxists.org/espanol/mariateg/1928/oct/07.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508212502/https://www.marxists.org/espanol/mariateg/1928/oct/07.htm |archive-date=2021-05-08 |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=marxists.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Zapata |first=Joe |year=2018 |title=HISTORIA. A 90 años de la fundación del Partido Socialista del Perú |url=http://www.laizquierdadiario.com/A-90-anos-de-la-fundacion-del-Partido-Socialista-del-Peru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712200555/https://www.laizquierdadiario.com/A-90-anos-de-la-fundacion-del-Partido-Socialista-del-Peru |archive-date=2022-07-12 |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=La Izquierda Diario - Red internacional |language=es}}</ref> notably under the leadership of [[José Carlos Mariátegui]], himself a former member of APRA.<ref>[https://repositorio.uca.edu.ar/bitstream/123456789/10527/1/socialismo-peruano-pensamiento-mariategui.pdf Archived copy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712200548/https://repositorio.uca.edu.ar/bitstream/123456789/10527/1/socialismo-peruano-pensamiento-mariategui.pdf |date=2022-07-12 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Visitante |date=2017-01-09 |title=Mariátegui: su propuesta marxista para una transformación política y cultural de Perú |url=https://www.centrocultural.coop/revista/3/mariategui-su-propuesta-marxista-para-una-transformacion-politica-y-cultural-de-peru |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=Centro Cultural de la Cooperación |language=es}}</ref> Shortly afterwards, in 1929, the party created the [[Confederación General de Trabajadores del Perú|General Confederation of Workers]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=cgtp |date=2018-03-16 |title=ANTECEDENTES HISTÓRICOS |url=http://www.cgtp.org.pe/2018/03/16/historia/ |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=CGTP |language=es-PE}}</ref>

After the worldwide [[crisis of 1929]], numerous brief governments followed one another. The APRA party had the opportunity to cause system reforms by means of political actions, but it was not successful. This was a nationalistic movement, populist and anti-imperialist, headed by [[Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre]] in 1924. The Socialist Party of Peru, later the [[Peruvian Communist Party]], was created four years later and it was led by [[José Carlos Mariátegui]].

This period would come to an end after a coup d'état carried out by [[Lieutenant colonel]] [[Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro]] and his sympathizers,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-08-20 |title=Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro, Presidente del Perú en 1930 y 1931 |url=https://www.iperu.org/luis-miguel-sanchez-cerro |access-date=2022-07-14 |website=Portal iPerú |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=DePeru.com |title=25 de Agosto - Golpe de Estado de 1930 |url=https://www.deperu.com/calendario/1436/golpe-de-estado-de-1930 |access-date=2022-07-14 |website=DePeru.com |language=es}}</ref> with General [[Manuel María Ponce Brousset]] assuming the interim Presidency for two days until Sánchez Cerro's return to [[Lima]] from [[Arequipa]].