Editing History of Morocco (section)

=== French and Spanish protectorate (1912–1956) ===
{{Main|French conquest of Morocco|French protectorate in Morocco|Spanish protectorate in Morocco}}
[[File:Traité relatif à l'organisation du protectorat français dans l'empire chérifien TRA19120019 001 - France Maroc.pdf|thumb|The [[Treaty of Fes]] established [[French protectorate in Morocco]] on 30 March 1912.]]

==== Hafidiya ====
In 1907, the French took the murder of [[Émile Mauchamp]] in Marrakesh as a pretext to invade [[Oujda]] in the east, as they took an uprising against their appropriation of customs revenue in [[Casablanca]] as an opportunity to [[Bombardment of Casablanca (1907)|bombard and invade that city]] in the west.<ref name=":10">{{Cite book|title=A history of modern Morocco|last=Miller, Susan Gilson.|date=2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781139624695|location=New York|pages=75|oclc=855022840}}</ref> Months later, there was a brief fratricidal civil war referred to as the [[Hafidiya]], in which [[Abd al-Hafid of Morocco|Abd al-Hafid]], at first supported by southern aristocrats based in Marrakesh such as the {{Interlanguage link|Glawa|fr|Glaoua}} and later [[Conditioned Bay'ah|conditionally supported]] by the ''ulama'' of Fes, wrested the throne from his brother [[Abdelaziz of Morocco|Abd al-Aziz]], who was supported by the French.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Miller, Susan Gilson.|title=A history of modern Morocco|date=2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781139624695|location=New York|pages=76|oclc=855022840}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=الخديمي, علال, 1946-....|title=الحركة الحفيظية أو المغرب قبيل فرض الحماية الفرنسية الوضعية الداخلية و تحديات العلاقات الخارجية : 1912-1894|date=2009|publisher=[د. ن.]|oclc=929569541}}</ref>

The [[Agadir Crisis]] increased tensions among the powerful European countries,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Agadir Incident {{!}} European history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Agadir-Incident |access-date=2021-04-12 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> and resulted in the [[Treaty of Fez]] (signed on 30 March 1912), which made Morocco a [[protectorate]] of France.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Treaty of Fès {{!}} Morocco [1912] {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Treaty-of-Fes |access-date=2023-04-04 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Correspondent |first=our own |date=1956-03-03 |title=An Independent Morocco |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/1956/mar/03/fromthearchive |access-date=2023-04-04 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> In a [[Treaty Between France and Spain Regarding Morocco|second treaty]] signed by the French and Spanish heads of state, Spain was granted a Zone of influence in northern and southern Morocco on 27 November 1912. The northern part became the [[Spanish protectorate in Morocco]], while the [[Cabo Juby|southern part]] was ruled from El Aaiun as a buffer zone between the [[Spanish Sahara|Spanish Colony of Saguia El Hamra]] and Morocco.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1913 |title=Treaty Between France and Spain Regarding Morocco |journal=The American Journal of International Law |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=81–99 |doi=10.2307/2212275 |jstor=2212275 |s2cid=246007581 }}</ref> The treaty of Fez triggered the [[1912 Fes riots|1912 Fez riots]]. By the [[Tangier Protocol]] signed in December 1923, Tangier received special status and became an [[Tangier International Zone|international zone]],<ref name="Hirschberg1981">{{cite book|author=H. Z(J. W.) Hirschberg|title=A history of the Jews in North Africa: From the Ottoman conquests to the present time / edited by Eliezer Bashan and Robert Attal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=idEUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA319|year=1981|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-06295-5|page=318}}</ref> although, during World War II, it was [[Occupation of Tangier (1940–1945)|occupied from 1940 to 1945]] by [[Francoist Spain]].

<gallery mode="nolines">
File:Assassination of Dr Mauchamp in Marrakesh (1907, Petit Journal).jpg|The assassination of [[Émile Mauchamp]] March 1907, which precipitated the French invasion of [[Oujda]] and the [[French conquest of Morocco|conquest of Morocco]].
File:الدار البيضاء 1907 01.jpg|Uprisings in Casablanca in July 1907 over the application terms of the [[Algeciras Conference|Treaty of Algeciras]] led to the [[Bombardment of Casablanca (1907)|Bombardment of Casablanca]].
File:الدار البيضاء 1907 شارع.jpg|Destruction of Casablanca caused by the 1907 French bombardment.
File:Maroc preco.jpg|French artillery in Rabat in 1911. The dispatch of French forces to protect the sultan from a rebellion instigated the [[Agadir Crisis]].
File:Tritel.jpg|Destruction after the [[1912 Fez riots|Intifada of Fes]] was quelled by French artillery fire.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Miller, Susan Gilson.|title=A history of modern Morocco|date=2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-62469-5|location=New York|pages=88|oclc=855022840}}</ref>
</gallery>The treaties nominally assured Morocco of its legal status as a sovereign state, with the sultan as its figurehead.<ref name=":32"/><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=esfISSxc13cC&pg=PA453 Repertory of Decisions of the International Court of Justice (1947-1992), P.453]</ref> In practice, the sultan had no real power and the country was ruled by the colonial administration. French civil servants allied themselves with the French settlers and with their supporters in France to prevent any moves in the direction of Moroccan autonomy. As "pacification" proceeded, with the [[Zaian War]] and the [[Rif War]], the French government focused on the exploitation of Morocco's mineral wealth, and particularly its [[OCP Group|phosphates]]; the creation of a modern transportation system with [[ONCF|trains]] and [[Compagnie de Transports au Maroc|buses]]; and the development of a modern agricultural sector geared to the French market. Tens of thousands of ''colons'', or colonists, entered Morocco and acquired large tracts of the rich agricultural land.<ref name=":1a">{{Cite book|last=Miller, Susan Gilson.|title=A history of modern Morocco|date=2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-62469-5|location=New York|pages=184|oclc=855022840}}</ref>

Morocco was home to half a million Europeans,<ref>De Azevedo, Raimondo Cagiano (1994) ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=N8VHizsqaH0C&pg=PA25 Migration and development co-operation.]''. Council of Europe. p. 25. {{ISBN|92-871-2611-9}}.</ref> most of whom settled in [[Casablanca]], where they formed almost half the population.<ref name="A history of the Arab peoples">Albert Habib Hourani, Malise Ruthven (2002). "''[https://books.google.com/books?id=egbOb0mewz4C&pg=PA323 A history of the Arab peoples]''". Harvard University Press. p.323. {{ISBN|0-674-01017-5}}</ref> Since the kingdom's independence in 1956, and particularly after Hassan II's 1973 [[Moroccanization]] policies, the European element has largely departed.<ref name=":1" />

The [[Spanish coup of July 1936]], which gave way to the [[Spanish Civil War]], began with the [[Army of Africa (Spain)|''Ejército de África'']] in [[Spanish protectorate in Morocco|Spanish occupied Morocco]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Othen |first=Christopher |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/794366388 |title=Franco's international brigades : adventurers, fascists, and christian crusaders in the Spanish Civil War |date=2013 |isbn=978-0-231-70425-0 |edition=[Revised and expanded edition] |location=New York |oclc=794366388}}</ref>