Editing History of Germany (section)

===Wars===
{{Main|Nine Years' War|Great Turkish War|Austro-Turkish War of 1716–1718}}
[[File:Eugene of SavoyVS.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Prince Eugene of Savoy]], [[Habsburg monarchy|Austrian]] commander during the Austro-Turkish wars]]
[[Louis XIV]] of France waged a series of successful wars in order to extend the French territory. He occupied [[Lorraine]] (1670) and annexed the remainder of Alsace (1678–1681) that included the free imperial city of [[Strasbourg|Straßburg]]. At the start of the [[Nine Years' War]], he also invaded the [[Electorate of the Palatinate]] (1688–1697).{{Sfn|Sagarra|1977|page=22}} Louis established a number of [[Chambers of Reunion|courts]] whose sole function was to reinterpret historic decrees and treaties, the [[Treaties of Nijmegen]] (1678) and the [[Peace of Westphalia]] (1648) in particular in favor of his policies of conquest. He considered the conclusions of these courts, the ''Chambres de réunion'' as sufficient justification for his boundless annexations. Louis' forces operated inside the Holy Roman Empire largely unopposed, because all available imperial contingents fought in Austria in the [[Great Turkish War]]. The [[Grand Alliance (League of Augsburg)|Grand Alliance]] of 1689 took up arms against France and countered any further military advances of Louis. The conflict ended in 1697 as both parties agreed to peace talks after either side had realized, that a total victory was financially unattainable. The [[Treaty of Ryswick]] provided for the return of the Lorraine and Luxembourg to the empire and the abandoning of French claims to the Palatinate.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=treaty of Ryswick |encyclopedia=Oxford Reference |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100435143 }}</ref>

After the last-minute [[Battle of Vienna|relief of Vienna]] from a siege and the imminent seizure by a [[Ottoman Army (15th-19th centuries)|Turkish force]] in 1683, the combined troops of the [[Holy League (1684)|Holy League]], that had been founded the following year, embarked on the military containment of the [[Ottoman Empire]] and reconquered [[Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867)|Hungary]] in 1687.<ref name="Jankowski2014">{{Cite book |first=Tomek E. |last=Jankowski |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1p5wAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT274 |title=Eastern Europe!: Everything You Need to Know About the History (and More) of a Region that Shaped Our World and Still Does |date=20 May 2014 |publisher=Steerforth Press |isbn=978-0-9850-6233-0 |page=274}}</ref> The [[Papal States]], the Holy Roman Empire, the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]], the [[Republic of Venice]] and since 1686 [[Tsardom of Russia|Russia]] had joined the league under the leadership of [[Pope Innocent XI]]. [[Prince Eugene of Savoy]], who served under emperor Leopold I, took supreme command in 1697 and decisively defeated the Ottomans in a series of spectacular battles and
manoeuvres. The 1699 [[Treaty of Karlowitz]] marked the end of the Great Turkish War and Prince Eugene continued his service for the [[Habsburg monarchy]] as president of the [[Hofkriegsrat|War Council]]. He effectively ended Turkish rule over most of the territorial states in the [[Balkans]] during the [[Austro-Turkish War of 1716–1718]]. The [[Treaty of Passarowitz]] left Austria to freely establish royal domains in Serbia and the Banat and maintain hegemony in [[Southeast Europe]], on which the future [[Austrian Empire]] was based.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eugen Prinz von Savoyen |url=https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz52925.html |access-date=21 March 2019 |publisher=Deutsche Biographie}}</ref><ref name="Hochedlinger2015">{{Cite book |first=Michael |last=Hochedlinger |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qbpACwAAQBAJ |title=Austria's Wars of Emergence, 1683–1797 |date=22 December 2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-3178-8793-5}}</ref>