Editing Helvetica (section)

==Derivative designs==
Some fonts based on Helvetica are intended for different purposes and have clearly different designs. Digital-period font designer [[Ray Larabie]] has commented that in the 1970s "everyone was modifying Helvetica with funky curls, mixed-case and effects".<ref>{{cite web|last1=Larabie|first1=Ray|title=Coolvetica|date=7 September 1999|url=http://typodermicfonts.com/coolvetica/|publisher=Typodermic Fonts|access-date=19 March 2016|archive-date=31 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331144321/http://typodermicfonts.com/coolvetica/|url-status=live}}</ref> Indeed, in one 1973 competition to design new fonts, three of the 20 winners were decorative designs inspired by Helvetica.<ref name="Letraset International Typeface Competition shatter" />

=== Zhukov and Kurbatov version ===
In 1963, two students at the Moscow Print Institute designed their own version of Helvetica, one of whom, Maxim Zhukov, would become one of the [[Soviet Union]]'s most prominent typographers. Zhukov and his partner Yuri Kurbatov used upright cursive forms for several of the lowercase letters, which allowed for several of the Helvetica forms to be transferred more directly into Cyrillic.

Their version received widespread use in phototypesetting, especially among other students at the Moscow Print Institute, despite never being commercially released. Zhukov and Kurbatov attempted to publish the typeface in 1964 but were rejected due to the font's being too closely associated with [[capitalism]]; this was one of the major factors as to why an official Cyrillic Helvetica, ''Pragmatica'', would not be released in the [[Soviet bloc]] until [[perestroika]] in 1989.<ref name="Soyuz Grotesk Temporary State"/><ref>Goritsky, Roman (November 23, 2020). [https://letters.temporarystate.net/entry/5/  Gramatika: On Type Measurements, Hyphen Spacings and Other Minor Considerations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126020325/https://letters.temporarystate.net/entry/5/ |date=2020-11-26 }}. ''Notes from the Temporary State''. Retrieved December 24, 2020.</ref>{{efn|The lowercase forms of Sowjietische Haas Grotesk were digitized as "Soyuz Grotesk" by Roman Gornitsky and released under a free license by The Temporary State. Gornitsky added a Latin script, which he reconstructed in the same way Sowjietische Haas Grotesk had been constructed from Helvetica but in reverse, by using the [[Faux Cyrillic|Cyrillic forms and adapting them to Latin]].<ref name="Typographica Soyuz Grotesk" /><ref name="Soyuz Grotesk Temporary State"/>}}

===Forma (1968)===
[[File:Forma Helvetica.png|thumb|Forma compared to Neue Helvetica]]
Created by [[Aldo Novarese]] at the Italian type foundry [[Nebiolo Printech|Nebiolo]], Forma was a geometric-influenced derivative of Helvetica with a [[a|'single-storey']] 'a' and extremely tight spacing in the style of the period.<ref name="Finding Forma">{{cite web|last1=Kupferschmid|first1=Indra|title=Finding Forma|url=http://www.fontbureau.com/blog/finding-forma/|publisher=[[Font Bureau]]|access-date=20 March 2016|archive-date=17 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317044047/http://www.fontbureau.com/blog/finding-forma/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Colizzi|first1=Alessandro|title=Forma, Dattilo, Modulo: Nebiolo's last efforts to produce a universal typeface|journal=Paul Shaw, ed. Timeless Typography, Cambridge, Mt: Mit Press (Forthcoming)|url=https://www.academia.edu/7610026|access-date=20 March 2016|archive-date=3 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503150050/https://www.academia.edu/7610026|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Colizzi|first1=Alessandro|title=Forma, Dattilo, Modulo. Nebiolo's last effort to produce a 'universal' typeface|url=http://www.atypi.org/conferences/amsterdam-2013/amsterdam-programme/activity?a=305|website=ATypI conference 2013|access-date=20 March 2016|archive-date=20 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160320045743/http://www.atypi.org/conferences/amsterdam-2013/amsterdam-programme/activity?a=305|url-status=dead}}</ref> It was offered with 'request' [[stylistic alternates]] imitating Helvetica more closely.<ref name="Finding Forma" /><ref>{{cite web|last1=Miklavčič |first1=Mitja |title=Forma: a typeface designed by a committee |url=http://mitja-m.com/writings/forma_nebiolo.htm |website=Mitja-M |access-date=20 March 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822061811/http://mitja-m.com/writings/forma_nebiolo.htm |archive-date=August 22, 2011 }}</ref> Forma has been digitised by [[SoftMaker]] as "Formula" and (in a much more complete version with [[optical size]]s) as '''Forma DJR''' by David Jonathan Ross at [[Font Bureau]] for ''[[Tatler]]'' magazine.<ref>{{cite web|title=Forma DJR|url=https://djr.com/forma|website=David Jonathan Ross|access-date=27 March 2023|archive-date=27 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327161553/https://djr.com/forma|url-status=live}}</ref>
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===Manoptica===
[[File:Manoptica dry-transfer sheet.png|thumb|right|A partial dry transfer sheet of Manoptica. The adaptation of Latin glyphs A, a, U, u, R, W, B, n and S to Thai are visible.]] [[Manoptica]] (1973) was an early effort to adapt Helvetica to the [[Thai script]]. It is named after and designed by Manop Srisomporn, who designed several typefaces for Thai using the same innovations he used for Manoptica (such as an adaptation of [[Eurostile]]). It was highly influential in [[Thai typography]] in that it popularized the removal of the small loops and other flourishes that had theretofore been distinguishing marks on Thai characters and adopted letter forms that bore strong resemblance to Latin letters. It became a widely popular style in advertising and influenced other simplified typefaces for Thai in the following decades.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Pracha Suveeranont |title=มานพติก้า |url=https://thaifaces.com/thaitype/manoptica/ |website=๑๐ ตัวพิมพ์ กับ ๑๐ ยุคสังคมไทย (10 Faces of Thai Type and Thai Nation) |publisher=Thaifaces |access-date=22 May 2020 |language=th |archive-date=16 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200516100946/https://thaifaces.com/thaitype/manoptica/ |url-status=live }} Originally exhibited 18–31 October 2002 at the Jamjuree Art Gallery, Chulalongkorn University, and published in ''Sarakadee''. '''17''' (211). September 2002.</ref> The adoption of loopless typefaces remains a source of controversy in Thai typography.<ref>{{cite conference |last1=Punsongserm |first1=Rachapoom |last2=Sunaga |first2=Shoji |last3=Ihara |first3=Hisayasu |title=Roman-like Thai typefaces: Breakthrough or Regression? |conference=ICDHS 10th+1 Barcelona 2018|book-title=Back to the Future. The Future in the Past. Conference Proceedings Book |date=October 2018 |pages=580–585 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329335972}}</ref>
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===Helvetica Flair and others===
[[File:Helvetica Flair.jpg|thumb|right|A Helvetica Flair specimen sheet]]
Designed by Phil Martin at Alphabet Innovations, Helvetica Flair is an unauthorised phototype-period redesign of Helvetica adding [[Swash (typography)|swashes]] and [[unicase]]-inspired capitals with a lower-case design. Considered a hallmark of 1970s design, it has never been issued digitally. It is considered to be a highly conflicted design, as Helvetica is seen as a spare and rational typeface and swashes are ostentatious: font designer Mark Simonson described it as "almost sacrilegious". Martin would later claim to have been accused of "typographic incest" by one German writer for creating it.

Helvetica Flair was one of several derivative fonts created by Martin in the 1970s (and a particularly legally questionable one, since it was directly named 'Helvetica').<ref>{{cite web|last1=Simonson|first1=Mark|title=Interview with Phil Martin|url=http://typographica.org/on-typography/interview-phil-martin/|website=Typographica|access-date=30 August 2014|archive-date=3 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903053109/http://typographica.org/on-typography/interview-phil-martin/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Puckett|first1=James|title=Helvetica Flair (photo of specimen book)|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/28813954@N02/6863179740/|website=Flickr|date=5 March 2012|access-date=22 July 2016|archive-date=16 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916135612/https://www.flickr.com/photos/28813954@N02/6863179740|url-status=live}}</ref> Martin also drew 'Heldustry', a fusion of Helvetica with [[Eurostile]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Heldustry|url=https://www.myfonts.com/fonts/urw/heldustry/|website=MyFonts|publisher=URW++|access-date=19 March 2016|archive-date=24 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324072743/http://www.myfonts.com/fonts/urw/heldustry/|url-status=live}}</ref> and 'Helserif', a redesign of Helvetica with [[serif]]s,<ref>{{cite web|title=Helserif|url=https://www.myfonts.com/fonts/urw/helserif/|website=MyFonts|publisher=URW++|access-date=19 March 2016|archive-date=30 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330193524/https://www.myfonts.com/fonts/urw/helserif/|url-status=live}}</ref> and these have both been digitised.<ref name="Font Wars: A Story On Rivalry Between Type Foundries" /><ref>{{cite web|last1=Coles|first1=Stephen|title=Twitter post|url=https://twitter.com/typographica/status/667307107457200128|website=Twitter|access-date=20 March 2016|quote=[From a Helserif ad:] "Look what happened to Helvetica. It grew wings."|archive-date=21 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621063157/https://twitter.com/typographica/status/667307107457200128|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Budrick|first1=Callie|title=Vintage Fonts: 35 Adverts From the Past|url=http://www.printmag.com/typography/vintage-fonts-35-adverts-from-the-past/|website=Print|date=19 October 2015|access-date=20 March 2016|archive-date=21 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160321213156/http://www.printmag.com/typography/vintage-fonts-35-adverts-from-the-past/|url-status=live}}</ref>
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===Shatter LET (1973)===
[[File:Shatter Helvetica.png|thumb|right|Shatter]]

Designed by Vic Carless, Shatter assembles together slices of Helvetica to make a typeface that seems to be in motion, or broken and in pieces.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Winch|first1=Andrew|title=Vic Carless Obituary|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2011/oct/02/vic-carless-obituary|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=19 October 2014|archive-date=4 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904125626/http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2011/oct/02/vic-carless-obituary|url-status=live}}</ref> It was published by [[Letraset]] after jointly winning their 1973 competition to design new fonts.<ref name="Letraset International Typeface Competition shatter">{{cite web|last1=Purcell|first1=Chris|title=Letraset International Typeface Competition Winners 1973|url=http://fontsinuse.com/uses/9531/letraset-international-typeface-competition-w|website=Fonts in Use|date=5 June 2015|access-date=8 June 2016|archive-date=30 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160730122346/http://fontsinuse.com/uses/9531/letraset-international-typeface-competition-w|url-status=live}}</ref>

Writing in 2014, Tim Spencer praised the design for its ominous effect, writing that it offered "glitch-like mechanical aggression [and] cold, machine-induced paranoia. It attacked the Establishment's preferred information typography style with a sharp edge and recomposed it in a jarring manner that still makes your eyes skitter and your brain tick trying to recompose it. Shatter literally sliced up Swiss modernist authority."<ref>{{cite web|last1=Spencer|first1=Tim|title=Kern Your Enthusiasm: Shatter|url=http://hilobrow.com/2014/08/21/kern-your-enthusiasm-21/|website=HiLoBrow|access-date=19 October 2014|archive-date=27 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027105328/http://hilobrow.com/2014/08/21/kern-your-enthusiasm-21/|url-status=live}}</ref>
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===Unica===
[[File:Unica77LLSpecimenCH.svg|thumb| ]]
[[Unica (typeface)|Unica]] by ''Team '77'' (André Gürtler, Christian Mengelt and Erich Gschwind) is as a hybrid of Helvetica, [[Univers]] and [[Akzidenz-Grotesk]]. It was developed in the 1970s for electronic on-screen [[phototypesetting]] and released in 1980. As phototypesetting was soon replaced by desktop publishing and because of a legal dispute, the typeface rapidly disappeared from the market. In mid 2010s, two digital versions were released: the Swiss foundry [[Lineto]] released LL Unica77 with input from Christian Mengelt,<ref>{{cite web|title=Lineto.com|url=https://lineto.com/typefaces/unica77|access-date=2 February 2022|archive-date=2 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202134245/https://lineto.com/typefaces/unica77|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=LL Unica77 (Lineto/Team'77) in use|url=https://fontsinuse.com/typefaces/38634/ll-unica77-lineto-team-77|access-date=2 February 2022|archive-date=2 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202134255/https://fontsinuse.com/typefaces/38634/ll-unica77-lineto-team-77|url-status=live}}</ref> while Linotype released Neue Haas Unica.<ref>{{cite web|title=Neue Haas Unica in use|url=https://fontsinuse.com/typefaces/38883/neue-haas-unica|access-date=2 February 2022|archive-date=2 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202134244/https://fontsinuse.com/typefaces/38883/neue-haas-unica|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Chalet===
[[House Industries]]' Chalet family is a series of fonts based on Helvetica, inspired by its many derivatives and adaptations in post-war design, and organised by "date" to '1960' (conventional), '1970' and '1980' (both more radically altered and "science fiction" in feel).<ref>{{cite web|last1=Carney|first1=Rob|title=Greatest fonts countdown: 92 - Chalet|url=http://www.creativebloq.com/typography/greatest-fonts-92-chalet-81412558|website=CreativeBloq|date=6 August 2014|access-date=29 August 2017|archive-date=29 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829204546/http://www.creativebloq.com/typography/greatest-fonts-92-chalet-81412558|url-status=live}}</ref> House Industries, who are known for outlandish font marketing methods, promoted Chalet through presenting it as inspired by the branding and career progression of a fictitious Swiss ''haute couture'' designer, "René Chalet" (''Chalet'' being French for a small wooden house, so a play on the design company's name).<ref>{{cite web|last1=Gruppe|first1=Sabine|title=House Industries: Le Must de Chalet Font|url=http://www.fontblog.de/house-industries-le-must-de-chalet/|website=FontBlog|access-date=29 August 2017|archive-date=29 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829204657/http://www.fontblog.de/house-industries-le-must-de-chalet/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Berry|first1=John D.|title=Dot-font: Talking About Fonts|date=2006|publisher=Mark Batty Publisher|location=New York|isbn=0-9772827-0-8|pages=117–121|edition= 1st}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=VanderLans|first1=Rudy|author-link1=Rudy VanderLans|title=It's a thin line: A Review of House Industries|url=http://www.underconsideration.com/speakup/archives/002170.html|website=Speak Up|access-date=29 August 2017|archive-date=30 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830003750/http://www.underconsideration.com/speakup/archives/002170.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
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===Coolvetica===
[[File:Coolvetica.png|thumb|Top: Coolvetica, based on Helvetica modifications such as Helvetica Flair. Note curved designs of 't' and 'y' as well as the narrow letter spacing commonly seen in pre-digital Helvetica. Bottom: Helvetica Bold.]]
In the digital period, Canadian type designer [[Ray Larabie]] has released several digital fonts based upon Helvetica. The most widely known and distributed of these is Coolvetica, which Larabie introduced in 1999; Larabie stated he was inspired by Helvetica Flair, Chalet, and similar variants in creating some of Coolvetica's distinguishing glyphs (most strikingly a swash on capital 'G', lowercase 'y' based on the letterforms of 'g' and 'u,' and a fully curled lowercase 't'), and chose to set a tight default spacing optimised for use in [[display type]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://typodermicfonts.com/coolvetica/|last1=Larabie|first1=Ray|publisher=Typodermic Fonts|title=Coolvetica|date=7 September 1999|access-date=November 16, 2017|archive-date=17 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117122120/http://typodermicfonts.com/coolvetica/|url-status=live}}</ref> Larabie's company Typodermic offers Coolvetica in a wide variety of weights as a commercial release, with the semi-bold as freeware taster. As of 2017, the semi-bold remains Larabie's most popular font.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.howdesign.com/design-creativity/typodermic-fonts-raymond-larabie-type-technology-sci-fi-fonts/|title=Typodermic's Raymond Larabie Talks Type, Technology & Science Fiction|first=Jason|last=Tselentis|date=August 28, 2017|work=How|access-date=October 29, 2017|quote=Q: What are your most frequently downloaded free fonts? A: Coolvetica. It's downloaded almost twice as much as the next one down the list.|archive-date=April 18, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418150848/http://www.howdesign.com/design-creativity/typodermic-fonts-raymond-larabie-type-technology-sci-fi-fonts/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Coolvetica|url=https://www.myfonts.com/fonts/typodermic/coolvetica/|website=MyFonts|publisher=Typodermic|access-date=17 November 2017|archive-date=17 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117122755/https://www.myfonts.com/fonts/typodermic/coolvetica/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://typodermicfonts.com/coolvetica-crushed/|first=Ray|last=Larabie|title=Coolvetica Crushed|work=Typodermic Fonts|date=12 April 2019|access-date=12 April 2019|archive-date=20 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420010823/http://typodermicfonts.com/coolvetica-crushed/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Larabie has also taken inspiration from Helvetica in some of his other designs, including Movatif and GGX88.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Larabie|first1=Ray|title=Movatif|date=29 April 2009|url=http://typodermicfonts.com/movatif/|publisher=Typodermic Fonts|access-date=19 March 2016|archive-date=31 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331101158/http://typodermicfonts.com/movatif/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Larabie|first1=Ray|title=GGX88|date=30 March 2010|url=http://typodermicfonts.com/ggx88/|publisher=Typodermic Fonts|access-date=19 March 2016|archive-date=31 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331083355/http://typodermicfonts.com/ggx88/|url-status=live}}</ref>
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