Editing Head of state (section)

===Islam===
[[File:Portrait Caliph Abdulmecid II.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Abdulmecid II]] was the [[List of Caliphs|150th]] and last [[Caliph of Islam]] from the [[Ottoman dynasty]]]]

During the [[History of Islam|early period of Islam]], [[caliph]]s were spiritual and temporal absolute successors of [[Muhammad]]. Various political Muslim leaders since have styled themselves ''Caliph'' and served as dynastic heads of state, sometimes in addition to another title, such as the [[Ottoman Sultan]]. Historically, some [[Theocracy|theocratic]] Islamic states known as ''[[imamates]]'' have been led by [[imam]]s as head of state, such as in what is now [[Oman]], [[Yemen]], and [[Saudi Arabia]].

In the [[Islamic Republic of Iran]], the [[Supreme Leader of Iran|Supreme Leader]], at present [[Ali Khamenei]], serves as [[List of heads of state of Iran|head of state]]. The [[Aga Khan]]s, a unique dynasty of temporal/religious leadership, leading the [[Nizari]] offshoot of [[Shia Islam]] in Central and South Asia, once ranking among British India's [[princely state]]s, continue to the present day.