Editing Hawaii (section)

===LGBTQ people===
Hawaii has had a long history of [[LGBTQIA+]] identities. {{Lang|haw|[[Māhū]]}} ("in the middle") were a precolonial [[third gender]] with traditional spiritual and social roles, widely respected as healers. Homosexual relationships known as ''[[aikāne]]'' were widespread and normal in ancient Hawaiian society.<ref name="Murray2002">{{cite book|author=Stephen O. Murray|title=Homosexualities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GfH6Nc8HHFwC&pg=PA99|date=June 1, 2002|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-55195-1|pages=99–|access-date=May 22, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627132241/http://books.google.com/books?id=GfH6Nc8HHFwC&pg=PA99|archive-date=June 27, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Kornblum2011">{{cite book|author=William Kornblum|title=Sociology in a Changing World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DtKcG6qoY5AC&pg=PT189|date=January 31, 2011|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-1-111-30157-6|page=165|access-date=May 22, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627123651/http://books.google.com/books?id=DtKcG6qoY5AC&pg=PT189|archive-date=June 27, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Klarman2012">{{cite book|author=Michael Klarman|title=From the Closet to the Altar: Courts, Backlash, and the Struggle for Same-Sex Marriage|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e8by2JjCqaEC&pg=PA56|date=October 18, 2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-992210-9|pages=56–|access-date=May 22, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627123631/http://books.google.com/books?id=e8by2JjCqaEC&pg=PA56|archive-date=June 27, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> Among men, ''aikāne'' relationships often began as teens and continued throughout their adult lives, even if they also maintained heterosexual partners.<ref name="EmberEmber2003">{{cite book|author1=Carol R. Ember|author2=Melvin Ember|title=Encyclopedia of Sex and Gender: Men and Women in the World's Cultures Topics and Cultures A–K—Volume 1; Cultures L–Z |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XUAsskBg8ywC&pg=PA207|date=December 31, 2003|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0-306-47770-6|pages=207–|access-date=May 22, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160515091537/https://books.google.com/books?id=XUAsskBg8ywC&pg=PA207|archive-date=May 15, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> While ''aikāne'' usually refers to male homosexuality, some stories also refer to women, implying that women may have been involved in ''aikāne'' relationships as well.<ref name="Zimmerman2000">{{cite book|author=Bonnie Zimmerman|title=Lesbian Histories and Cultures: An Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0EUoCrFolGcC&pg=PA358|year=2000|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-8153-1920-7|pages=358–|access-date=May 22, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223205251/https://books.google.com/books?id=0EUoCrFolGcC&pg=PA358|archive-date=December 23, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Journals written by [[James Cook|Captain Cook]]'s crew record that many ''[[aliʻi]]'' (hereditary nobles) also engaged in ''aikāne'' relationships, and [[Kamehameha I|Kamehameha the Great]], the founder and first ruler of the [[Kingdom of Hawaii]], was also known to participate. Cook's second lieutenant and co-astronomer [[James King (Royal Navy officer)|James King]] observed that "all the chiefs had them", and recounts that Cook was actually asked by one chief to leave King behind, considering the role a great honor.

Hawaiian scholar [[Lilikalā Kameʻeleihiwa]] notes that ''aikāne'' served a practical purpose of building mutual trust and cohesion; "If you didn't sleep with a man, how could you trust him when you went into battle? How would you know if he was going to be the warrior that would protect you at all costs, if he wasn't your lover?"<ref name="mahu">{{cite AV media |people= Xian, Kathryn and Brent Anbe (Directors)|year= 2001|title= ''Ke Kūlana He Māhū'': Remembering a Sense of Place|medium= DVD}}</ref>

As Western colonial influences intensified in the late 19th and early 20th century, the word ''aikāne'' was [[Expurgation|expurgated]] of its original sexual meaning, and in print simply meant "friend". Nonetheless, in Hawaiian language publications its metaphorical meaning can still mean either "friend" or "lover" without stigmatization.<ref>{{cite book|author=Noenoe K. Silva|title=Aloha Betrayed: Native Hawaiian Resistance to American Colonialism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G3IFQ2YAsXgC|date=2004|publisher=Duke University Press Durham & London|pages=66, 77|isbn=0-8223-8622-4|access-date=June 7, 2019|archive-date=September 21, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921094011/https://books.google.com/books?id=G3IFQ2YAsXgC&printsec=frontcover&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref>

A 2012 Gallup poll found that Hawaii had the largest proportion of LGBTQIA+ adults in the U.S., at 5.1%, an estimated 53,966 individuals. The number of same-sex couple households in 2010 was 3,239, representing a 35.5% increase from a decade earlier.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/160517/lgbt-percentage-highest-lowest-north-dakota.aspx |title=LGBT Percentage Highest in D.C., Lowest in North Dakota |date=February 15, 2013 |author1=Gates, Gary J. |author2=Newport, Frank |publisher=Gallup, Inc. |access-date=May 9, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140621150848/http://www.gallup.com/poll/160517/lgbt-percentage-highest-lowest-north-dakota.aspx |archive-date=June 21, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/182837/estimated-780-000-americans-sex-marriages.aspx |title=An Estimated 780,000 Americans in Same-Sex Marriages |author1=Gates, Gary J. |author2=Newport, Frank |date=April 24, 2015 |access-date=May 9, 2015 |publisher=Gallup, Inc. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429162023/http://www.gallup.com/poll/182837/estimated-780-000-americans-sex-marriages.aspx |archive-date=April 29, 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2013, Hawaii became the fifteenth U.S. state to legalize same-sex marriage; this reportedly boosted tourism by $217{{spaces}}million.<ref>{{cite news|title=Hawaii Senate passes gay marriage bill|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/11/12/hawaii-gay-marriage/3510441/|newspaper=USA Today|date=November 13, 2013|access-date=August 22, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710204833/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/11/12/hawaii-gay-marriage/3510441/|archive-date=July 10, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>