Editing Goths (section)

==Genetics==
Stolarek et al. (2023) and Antonio et al. (2022) both sequenced genomes from the [[Wielbark culture]] Goths. Stolarek et al. includes samples from multiple sites all over the territory of the Wielbark culture, in large numbers. The results are in alignment with archaeological and historical evidence, strongly suggesting that the Wielbark culture formed through migration from Southern Scandinavia. A large majority of the Wielbark culture samples are autosomally Scandinavian-like, and carry predominantly Scandinavian Y-DNA haplogroups. The most common Y-DNA haplogroup among the Wielbark individuals was Y-DNA haplogroup I1-M253, characteristic of the Nordic Bronze Age in Southern Scandinavia, in which it was found at a very high frequency and from where it first expanded. Among the Wielbark Goths, substantial subclade diversity is seen among the I1 carriers, suggesting that the male founders of the culture descended from clans from a rather widespread area in Scandinavia.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2023-10-26 |title=Genetic origins of the Goths |url=https://genomicatlas.org/2023/10/26/the-genetic-origin-of-the-goths/ |access-date=2023-11-05 |website=Genomic Atlas |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite report |url=https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.05.15.491973 |title=Stable population structure in Europe since the Iron Age, despite high mobilit |last1=Antonio |first1=Margaret |last2=Weiß |first2=Clemens |date=2023 |last3=Gao |first3=Ziyue |last4=Sawyer |first4=Susanna |last5=Oberreiter |first5=Victoria |last6=Moots |first6=Hannah |last7=Spence |first7=Jeffrey |last8=Cheronet |first8=Olivia |last9=Zagorc |first9=Brina|doi=10.1101/2022.05.15.491973 |hdl=11573/1706425 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Stolarek |first1=Ireneusz |last2=Zenczak |first2=Michal |last3=Handschuh |first3=Luiza |last4=Juras |first4=Anna |last5=Marcinkowska-Swojak |first5=Malgorzata |last6=Spinek |first6=Anna |last7=Dębski |first7=Artur |last8=Matla |first8=Marzena |last9=Kóčka-Krenz |first9=Hanna |last10=Piontek |first10=Janusz |last11=Figlerowicz |first11=Marek |last12=Polish Archaeogenomics Consortium Team |date=2023-07-24 |title=Genetic history of East-Central Europe in the first millennium CE |journal=[[Genome Biology]] |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=173 |doi=10.1186/s13059-023-03013-9 |issn=1474-760X |pmc=10364380 |pmid=37488661 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Assessing the population movement during late Antiquity, a 2023 study on the Roman frontier on the Danube concludes that "Goths were ethnically diverse confederations". A number of samples obtained from Roman sites close to the limes (such as [[Viminacium]]) dated to the 3rd century or later were shown to carry admixture from Central/North European and Pontic-Kazakh Steppe ancestries in addition to 42%–55% local Balkan Iron Age-related ancestry. 7 out of 9 males among these samples belonged to haplogroups associated with these trans-frontier ancestry sources (I1 and R1b-U106: North European; Z93: Iron Age Steppe). Many of these samples suggest that admixture between Central/North European and Pontic-Kazakh Steppe ancestries likely occurred beyond the frontier prior to the movement into the Roman Empire, "perhaps indicative of, e.g., the formation of diverse confederations under Gothic leadership".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Olalde |first1=Iñigo |last2=Carrión |first2=Pablo |date=December 7, 2023 |title=A genetic history of the Balkans from Roman frontier to Slavic migrations |url=https://reich.hms.harvard.edu/sites/reich.hms.harvard.edu/files/inline-files/1-s2.0-S0092867423011352-main.pdf |journal=[[Cell (journal)|Cell]] |volume=186 |issue=25 |pages=P5472–5485.E9 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2023.10.018 |pmid=38065079 |pmc=10752003 |access-date=December 25, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shaw |first=Jonathan |date=12 July 2023 |title=The Roman Empire's Cosmopolitan Frontier |url=https://www.harvardmagazine.com/2023/12/roman-empire-genetic-research-harvard |access-date=25 December 2023 |website=Harvard Magazine}}</ref>