Editing German philosophy (section)

===Continental philosophy===
{{Main|Continental philosophy|existentialism}}
While some of the seminal philosophers of twentieth-century analytical philosophy were German-speakers, most German-language philosophy of the twentieth century tends to be defined not as analytical but 'continental' philosophy – as befits Germany's position as part of the European 'continent' as opposed to the British Isles or other culturally European nations outside of Europe.

<gallery class="center" |width="100" |height="100">
File:Edmund Husserl 1900.jpg|[[Edmund Husserl]]<br>(1859–1938)
File:Karl Jaspers 1910.jpg|[[Karl Jaspers]]<br>(1883–1969)
File:Heidegger 2 (1960).jpg|[[Martin Heidegger]]<br>(1889–1976)
File:Hannah Arendt 1933.jpg|[[Hannah Arendt]]<br>(1906–1975)
</gallery>

====Phenomenology====
[[Phenomenology (philosophy)|Phenomenology]] began at the start of the 20th century with the descriptive psychology of [[Franz Brentano]] (1838–1917), and then the transcendental phenomenology of [[Edmund Husserl]] (1859–1938). [[Max Scheler]] (1874–1928) further developed the philosophical method of phenomenology. It was then transformed by [[Martin Heidegger]] (1889–1976), whose famous book ''[[Being and Time]]'' (1927) applied phenomenology to [[ontology]], and who, along with [[Ludwig Wittgenstein]], is considered one of the most influential philosophers of the 20th century. Phenomenology has had a large influence on Continental Philosophy, particularly [[existentialism]] and [[poststructuralism]]. Heidegger himself is often identified as an existentialist, though he rejected this.

====Hermeneutics====
{{Main|Hermeneutics}}
Hermeneutics is the philosophical theory and practice of interpretation and understanding.

Originally hermeneutics referred to the interpretation of texts, especially religious texts. In the 19th century, [[Friedrich Schleiermacher]] (1768–1834), [[Wilhelm Dilthey]] (1833–1911) and others expanded the discipline of hermeneutics beyond mere [[exegesis]] and turned it into a general humanistic discipline.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stonybrook.edu/philosophy/research/ihde_6.html |title=Expanding Hermeneutics |access-date=2010-09-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604190525/http://www.stonybrook.edu/philosophy/research/ihde_6.html |archive-date=2011-06-04 }}</ref> Schleiermacher wondered whether there could be a hermeneutics that was not a collection of pieces of ad hoc advice for the solution of specific problems with text interpretation but rather a "general hermeneutics," which dealt with the "art of understanding" as such, which pertained to the structure and function of understanding wherever it occurs. Later in the 19th century, Dilthey began to see possibilities for continuing Schleiermacher's general hermeneutics project as a "general methodology of the humanities and social sciences".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mac.edu/faculty/richardpalmer/relevance.html |title=Richard e. Palmer: Hermeneutics and the Disciplines |access-date=2010-09-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928141532/http://www.mac.edu/faculty/richardpalmer/relevance.html |archive-date=2007-09-28 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In the 20th century, hermeneutics took an '[[ontological turn]]'. Martin Heidegger's ''Being and Time'' fundamentally transformed the discipline. No longer was it conceived of as being about understanding linguistic communication, or providing a methodological basis for the human sciences – as far as Heidegger was concerned, hermeneutics is ontology, dealing with the most fundamental conditions of man's being in the world.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2016/entries/hermeneutics/|title=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|first=C.|last=Mantzavinos|editor-first=Edward N.|editor-last=Zalta|date=22 June 2016|publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University|access-date=22 March 2018|via=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy}}</ref> The Heideggerian conception of hermeneutics was further developed by Heidegger's pupil [[Hans-Georg Gadamer]] (1900–2002), in his book ''[[Truth and Method]]''.

====Frankfurt School====
{{Main|Frankfurt School}}
[[File:JuergenHabermas.jpg|200px|thumb|Jürgen Habermas]]
In 1923, [[Carl Grünberg]] founded the [[University of Frankfurt Institute for Social Research|Institute for Social Research]], drawing from [[Marxism]], [[Sigmund Freud|Freud]]'s psychoanalysis, and [[Max Weber|Weberian]] philosophy, which came to be known as the "[[Frankfurt School]]". Expelled by the [[Nazis]], the school reformed again in Frankfurt after [[World War II]]. Although they drew from Marxism, they were outspoken opponents of [[Stalinism]]. Books from the group, like [[Theodor W. Adorno|Adorno’s]] and [[Max Horkheimer|Horkheimer’s]] ''[[Dialectic of Enlightenment]]'' and Adorno’s ''[[Negative Dialectics]]'', critiqued what they saw as the failure of the Enlightenment project and the problems of modernity.

Since the 1960s, the [[Frankfurt School]] has been guided by [[Jürgen Habermas]]' (born 1929) work on [[communicative rationality|communicative reason]]<ref>Habermas, Jürgen. (1987). ''The Theory of Communicative Action''. Third Edition, Vols. 1 & 2, Beacon Press.</ref><ref>Habermas, Jürgen. (1990). ''Moral Consciousness and Communicative Action'', MIT Press.</ref> and linguistic [[intersubjectivity]].