Editing Demographics of France (section)

=== After World War II ===
After World War II, the French fertility rate rebounded considerably, as noted above, but economic growth in France was so high that new immigrants had to be brought into the country. Most immigrants were [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] as well as [[Arab]]s and [[Berber people|Berbers]] from North Africa. The first wave arrived in the 1950s, but the major arrivals happened in the 1960s and 1970s.  One million European ''[[pieds-noirs]]'' also migrated from Algeria in 1962 and the following years during the chaotic independence of Algeria.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/|title=Breaking News, World News & Multimedia|website=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=1 September 2017}}</ref> France has over three million French of Algerian descent, a small percentage of whom are third-or fourth-generation French.

French law facilitated the immigration of thousands of French settlers (''colons'' in French language), ethnic or national French from former colonies of North and West Africa, India and [[Indochina]], to mainland France. 1.6 million European ''pieds noirs'' settlers migrated from Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html|title=For Pieds-Noirs, the Anger Endures|author=James M. Markham|date=6 April 1988|website=Query.nytimes.com|access-date=1 September 2017}}</ref> In the 1970s, over 30,000 French settlers left Cambodia during the [[Khmer Rouge]] regime as the [[Pol Pot]] government confiscated their farms and land properties. However, after the [[1973 energy crisis]], laws limiting immigration were passed. In addition, the country's birth rate dropped significantly during this time.

Between 1956 and 1967, about 235,000 Sephardic North African Jews from Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco also immigrated to France because of the decline of the French colonial empire and following the [[Six-Day War]]. Hence, by 1968, Sephardic North African Jews were the majority of the Jews in France. As the new immigrants were already culturally French, they needed little time to adjust to French society.<ref>[[Esther Benbassa]], ''The Jews of France: A History from Antiquity to the Present'', Princeton University Press, 1999</ref>

In the late 1970s, the end of high economic growth in France caused immigration policies to be considerably tightened, starting with laws by [[Charles Pasqua]] passed in 1986 and 1993. New immigrants were allowed only through the family reunion schemes (wives and children moving to France to live with husbands or fathers already living in France), or as [[OFPRA|asylum]] seekers. [[Illegal immigration]] thus developed as immigration policy became more rigid. In 2006, The French Ministry of the Interior estimated clandestine immigrants in France amounted to anywhere between 200,000 and 400,000 and expected between 80,000 and 100,000 people to enter the country illegally each year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rfi.fr/actufr/articles/076/article_43041.asp|title=RFI – Immigration – Combien d'immigrés clandestins en France?|website=Rfi.fr|access-date=1 September 2017|archive-date=22 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822153905/http://www.rfi.fr/actufr/articles/076/article_43041.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The Pasqua laws are a significant landmark in the shift in France's immigration policy through the course of the 20th century.
They are a sign of the securitization aspect of immigration, giving more power to the police, allowing them to perform random identity checks and deport immigrants without legal papers. The rise in anti-immigration sentiments was reinforced by a series of terrorist bombs in Paris in 1986, linked to Muslim immigrants in France.<ref>Freedman, Jane, Immigration and Insecurity in France, Ashgate Publishing Limited, Hants, England, 2004, 182 p., page 42</ref>

Tightening immigration laws, as well as notions of "zero immigration", reflected national views that arose within the discussion around immigrant family reunification and national identity. [[Institut français des relations internationales]]
(IFRI) immigration expert, Christophe Bertossi, states that stigmatized as both a challenge to social cohesion and a "burden" for the French economy, family immigration is increasingly restricted and constructed as a racial issue. The "immigration choisie" policy strives consequently to select migrants according to their profile, skills and, still indirectly, origins.<ref name=autogenerated1>Bertossi, Christophe, France: the state strives to shape "chosen immigration", IFRI, Paris, July 2008</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ifri.org/?page=detail-contribution&id=5235&id_provenance=103&provenance_context_id=12|title=IFRI – E-note – Notes de l'Ifri – France: the State strives to shape "chosen" immigration – Institut français des relations internationales|date=26 July 2011|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726172300/http://ifri.org/?page=detail-contribution&id=5235&id_provenance=103&provenance_context_id=12|archive-date=26 July 2011}}</ref>

Nonetheless, immigration rates in the 1980s and 1990s were much lower than in the 1960s and 1970s, especially compared to other European countries. The regions of emigrations also widened, with new immigrants now coming from sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. In the 1970s, a small but well-publicized wave of Chilean and Argentine political refugees from their countries' dictatorships found asylum in France.

Ethnic [[Overseas Vietnamese|Vietnamese]] started to become a visible segment of society after the massive influx of refugees after the end of the [[Vietnam War]] in 1975. The expulsions of ethnic [[Hoa people|Chinese]] from Vietnam in the 1970s led to a wave of immigration and the settlement of the high-rise neighbourhood near the ''Porte d'Italie'', where the [[Chinatowns in Europe|Chinatown of Paris]] is located. Located in the [[13ème arrondissement, Paris|13th arrondissement]], the area contains many [[Chinese diaspora in France|ethnic Chinese]] inhabitants.<ref>Smith, Craig S. [http://www.iht.com/articles/2005/05/09/news/journal.php Face behind Paris 'bistro' counter becomes Asian]. ''[[International Herald Tribune]]'', 10 May 2005.</ref>

According to the distinguished French historian of immigration Gérard Noiriel, in 1989 one third of the population currently living in France was of "foreign" descent.<ref>"Immigration is hardly a recent development in French history, as Gérard Noiriel amply demonstrates in his history of French immigration, The French Melting Pot. Noiriel estimates that one third of the population currently living in France is of "foreign" descent", Marie-Christine Weidmann-Koop, ''France at the dawn of the twenty-first century, trends and transformations'', Summa Publications, Inc., 2000, p. 160. [Noiriel’s ''Le Creuset français'' was published in 1989.]</ref>

According to Michèle Tribalat, researcher at [[INED]], there were, in 1999, approximately 14 million persons of foreign ancestry (about a quarter of the population), defined as either immigrants or people with at least one immigrant parent or grandparent. Half of them were of European ancestry (including 5.2 million from [[Southern Europe|South Europe]] (Italy, Spain, Portugal and former Yugoslavia)). The rest were from [[Maghreb]] (3 million), [[Sub-Saharan Africa]] (680,000), Turkey (320,000) and other parts of the world (2.5 million).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ined.fr/publications/population/2004/t1-04F.html#tribalat|title=Michèle Tribalat's 2004 study for the INE|website=Ined.fr|access-date=1 September 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051020025243/http://www.ined.fr/publications/population/2004/t1-04F.html#tribalat|archive-date=20 October 2005}}</ref> Immigrants from the Maghreb are commonly referred to as ''[[beur]]'', a [[verlan]] slang term derived from the word ''arabe'' (French for Arab).<ref>{{cite journal | last = Valdman | first = Albert | title = La Langue des faubourgs et des banlieues: de l'argot au français populaire | journal=The French Review | volume = 73 | issue = 6 | page = 1188 | publisher=American Association of Teachers of French | date = May 2000 | jstor = 399371}}</ref>

The large-scale immigration from Islamic countries has sparked controversy in France. Nevertherless, according to [[Justin Vaïsse]], in spite of challenges and setbacks like the [[2005 civil unrest in France|riots in November 2005]], in Parisian suburbs, where many immigrants live secluded from society with very few capabilities to live in better conditions, the integration of Muslim immigrants is happening as part of a background evolution<ref>[http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Files/rc/testimonies/2006/0112france_vaisse/vaisse20060112.pdf Unrest in France, November 2005: immigration, islam and the challenge of integration] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090306193448/http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Files/rc/testimonies/2006/0112france_vaisse/vaisse20060112.pdf |date=6 March 2009 }}, Justin Vaïsse, Presentation to Congressional Staff, 10 and 12 January 2006, Washington, DC</ref> and recent studies confirmed the results of their assimilation, showing that "North Africans seem to be characterized by a high degree of cultural integration reflected in a relatively high propensity to [[exogamy]]" with rates ranging from 20% to 50%.<ref>"Compared with the Europeans, the Tunisians belong to a much more recent wave of migration and occupy a much less favourable socioeconomic position, yet their pattern of marriage behaviour is nonetheless similar.... Algerian and Moroccan immigrants have a higher propensity to exogamy than Asians or
Portuguese but a much weaker labour market position.... Confirming the results from other analyses of immigrant assimilation in France, this study shows that North Africans seem to be characterized by a high degree of cultural integration (reflected in a relatively high propensity to exogamy, notably for Tunisians) that contrasts with a persistent disadvantage in the labour market".[http://www.cairn.info/resume.php?ID_ARTICLE=POPE_802_0239 Intermarriage and assimilation: disparities in levels of exogamy among immigrants in France], Mirna Safi, Volume 63 2008/2</ref> According to [[Emmanuel Todd]], the relatively high exogamy among French Algerians can be explained by the colonial link between France and Algeria.<ref>[[Emmanuel Todd]], ''Le destin des immigrés: assimilation et ségrégation dans les démocraties occidentales'', Paris, 1994, p.307</ref><ref>Many famous French people, including [[Edith Piaf]], [[Zinedine Zidane]], [[Isabelle Adjani]], [[Alain Bashung]], [[Claude Zidi]], [[Arnaud Montebourg]], [[Catherine Belkhodja]], [[Jacques Villeret]] and [[Dany Boon]], are partly of Algerian descent.</ref> One illustration of this growing resentment and job insecurity can be drawn from related events, such as the 2005 riots, which ensued in former President Chirac declaring a state of emergency.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/05/international/europe/05france.html | work=The New York Times | first=Craig S. | last=Smith | title=Immigrant Rioting Flares in France for Ninth Night | date=5 November 2005}}</ref> Massive demonstrations to express frustration over unemployment took place in March 2009.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7951949.stm |work=BBC News | title=French unions claim 3m on street | date=19 March 2009}}</ref> The importance of integration was brought to the forefront of the political agenda in Sarkozy's 2007 presidential campaign. Upon being elected, he symbolically created the [[French Ministry of Immigration, Integration, National Identity and Codevelopment]]. Integration is one of the pillars of its political aims.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.immigration.gouv.fr/spip.php?page=dossiers_them_int&numrubrique=323|title=Intégration et identité nationale – IMMIG.FR|date=17 May 2009|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090517130401/http://www.immigration.gouv.fr/spip.php?page=dossiers_them_int&numrubrique=323|archive-date=17 May 2009}}</ref>