Editing Conservatism (section)

==== France ====
{{main|Conservatism in France}}
{{Conservatism in France}}
Early conservatism in France focused on the rejection of the secularism of the French Revolution, support for the role of the Catholic Church, and the restoration of the monarchy.<ref>{{cite book |title=Three Studies In European Conservatism: Metternich, Guizot, The Catholic Church In The Nineteenth Century |author-last=Woodwards |author-first=E. L. |isbn=9780714615295 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MPUkAQAAMAAJ |year=1963 |publisher=Archon Books}}</ref> After the first fall of [[Napoleon]] in 1814, the [[House of Bourbon]] returned to power in the [[Bourbon Restoration in France|Bourbon Restoration]]. [[Louis XVIII]] and [[Charles X of France|Charles X]], brothers of the executed King [[Louis XVI]], successively mounted the throne and instituted a conservative government intended to restore the proprieties, if not all the institutions, of the {{lang|fr|[[Ancien Régime]]}}.{{sfn|Fawcett|2020|pp=20–21}}

After the [[July Revolution]] of 1830, [[Louis Philippe I]], a member of the more liberal [[House of Orléans|Orléans branch]] of the House of Bourbon, proclaimed himself as King of the French. The [[Second French Empire]] saw an Imperial [[Bonapartist]] regime of [[Napoleon III]] from 1852 to 1870.{{sfn|Heywood|2017|p=75}} The Bourbon monarchist cause was on the verge of victory in the 1870s, but then collapsed because the proposed king, [[Henri, Count of Chambord]], refused to fly the tri-colored flag.<ref>{{cite book |author=Roger Price |title=A Concise History of France |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AYjB2-RnWUwC&pg=PA225 |year=2005 |publisher=Cambridge UP |page=225 |isbn=978-0-521-84480-2}}</ref> The turn of the century saw the rise of {{lang|fr|[[Action Française]]}}—an ultraconservative, reactionary, nationalist, and royalist movement that advocated a restoration of the monarchy.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Judaken |first=Jonathan |editor=Richard S. Levy |encyclopedia=Antisemitism: A Historical Encyclopedia of Prejudice and Persecution |title=Action Française |year=2005 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-85109-439-4 |page=1}}</ref>

Tensions between Christian rightists and secular leftists heightened in the 1890–1910 era, but moderated after the spirit of unity in fighting World War I.<ref>{{cite book |author-last=Larkin |author-first=Maurice |title=Religion, Politics and Preferment in France since 1890: La Belle Epoque and its Legacy |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2002 |isbn=0521522706 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7rPaeTm4lm4C}}</ref> An authoritarian form of conservatism characterized the [[Vichy France|Vichy regime]] of 1940–1944 under Marshal [[Philippe Pétain]] with heightened antisemitism, opposition to individualism, emphasis on family life, and national direction of the economy.<ref name=":10" />

Conservatism has been the major political force in France since World War II,<ref>{{cite book |author=Viereck, Peter |title=Conservatism Revisited: The Revolt Against Ideology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gvxCmgEACAAJ |publisher=Transaction Publishers |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7658-0576-8 |page=205}}</ref> although the number of conservative groups and their lack of stability defy simple categorization.<ref name=":14" /> Following the war, conservatives supported [[Gaullism|Gaullist]] groups and parties, espoused [[French nationalism|nationalism]], and emphasised tradition, social order, and the regeneration of France.<ref>Richard Vinen, "The Parti républicain de la Liberté and the Reconstruction of French Conservatism, 1944–1951", ''French History'' (1993) 7#2 pp. 183–204</ref> Unusually, post-war conservatism in France was formed around the personality of a leader—army general and aristocrat [[Charles de Gaulle]] who led the [[Free France|Free French Forces]] against Nazi Germany—and it did not draw on traditional French conservatism, but on the [[Bonapartism|Bonapartist]] tradition.{{sfn|Ware|1996|p=32}} Gaullism in France continues under [[The Republicans (France)|The Republicans]] (formerly [[Union for a Popular Movement]]), a party previously led by [[Nicolas Sarkozy]], who served as President of France from 2007 to 2012 and whose ideology is known as [[Sarkozysm]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Hauss, Charles |title=Comparative Politics: Domestic Responses to Global Challenges |publisher=Cengage Learning |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-495-50109-1 |page=116 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7XkIAAAAQBAJ}}</ref>

In 2021, the French intellectual [[Éric Zemmour]] founded the nationalist party [[Reconquête]], which has been described as a more rightist version of [[Marine Le Pen]]'s [[National Rally]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 13, 2021 |title=Eric Zemmour: Meet the right-wing TV pundit set to shake up France's presidential race |url=https://www.euronews.com/2021/10/13/eric-zemmour-meet-the-right-wing-tv-pundit-set-to-shake-up-france-s-presidential-race |access-date=October 30, 2021 |website=euronews.com}}</ref>