Editing Condom (section)

=== Cultural barriers to use ===
In much of the [[Western world]], the introduction of [[combined oral contraceptive pill|the pill]] in the 1960s was associated with a decline in condom use.<ref name="collier" />{{Rp|267–9,272–5}} In [[Japan]], oral contraceptives were not approved for use until September 1999, and even then access was more restricted than in other industrialized nations.<ref name="cbs">{{cite news |last=Hayashi |first= Aiko |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/japanese-women-shun-the-pill/ |title=Japanese Women Shun The Pill |work=CBS News |date=20 August 2004 |access-date=12 June 2006 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060629074107/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/08/20/health/main637523.shtml |archive-date=29 June 2006}}</ref> Perhaps because of this restricted access to hormonal contraception, Japan has the highest rate of condom usage in the world: in 2008, 80% of contraceptive users relied on condoms.<ref name="factsheet" />

Cultural attitudes toward [[gender roles]], [[contraception]], and [[Human sexual activity|sexual activity]] vary greatly around the world, and range from extremely conservative to extremely liberal. But in places where condoms are misunderstood, mischaracterised, demonised, or looked upon with overall cultural disapproval, the prevalence of condom use is directly affected. In less-developed countries and among less-educated populations, misperceptions about how disease transmission and conception work negatively affect the use of condoms; additionally, in cultures with more traditional gender roles, women may feel uncomfortable demanding that their partners use condoms.

As an example, [[Latinos|Latino]] immigrants in the United States often face cultural barriers to condom use. A study on female HIV prevention published in the ''Journal of Sex Health Research'' asserts that Latino women often lack the attitudes needed to negotiate safe sex due to traditional gender-role norms in the Latino community, and may be afraid to bring up the subject of condom use with their partners. Women who participated in the study often reported that because of the general [[machismo]] subtly encouraged in Latino culture, their male partners would be angry or possibly [[domestic violence|violent]] at the woman's suggestion that they use condoms.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Gomez |first=Cynthia A |year=1996 |title=Gender, Culture, and Power: Barriers to HIV-Prevention Strategies for Women |journal=The Journal of Sex Research |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=355–362 |author2=Marín |doi=10.1080/00224499609551853 |jstor=3813287}}</ref> A similar phenomenon has been noted in a survey of low-income [[African-American|American black]] women; the women in this study also reported a fear of violence at the suggestion to their male partners that condoms be used.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kalichman |first1=Seth C. |last2=Williams |first2=Ernestine A. |last3=Cherry |first3=Charsey |last4=Belcher |first4=Lisa |last5=Nachimson |first5=Dena |title=Sexual coercion, domestic violence, and negotiating condom use among low-income African American women |journal=[[Journal of Women's Health]] |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=371–378 |doi=10.1089/jwh.1998.7.371 |pmid=9580917 |date=April 1998}}</ref>

A telephone survey conducted by [[Rand Corporation]] and [[Oregon State University]], and published in the ''[[Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes]]'' showed that belief in [[AIDS conspiracy theories]] among United States black men is linked to rates of condom use. As conspiracy beliefs about AIDS grow in a given sector of these black men, consistent condom use drops in that same sector. Female use of condoms was not similarly affected.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sexualhealth.e-healthsource.com/?p=news1&id=523594 |title=AIDS Conspiracy Theory Belief Linked to Less Condom Use |last=Dotinga |first=Randy |publisher=SexualHealth.com |access-date=26 March 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100702133205/http://sexualhealth.e-healthsource.com/?p=news1&id=523594 |archive-date=2 July 2010}}</ref>

In the African continent, condom promotion in some areas has been impeded by anti-condom campaigns by some Muslim<ref name="northeast kenya" /> and Catholic clerics.<ref name="catholicafrica" /> Among the [[Maasai people|Maasai]] in [[Tanzania]], condom use is hampered by an aversion to "wasting" sperm, which is given sociocultural importance beyond reproduction. Sperm is believed to be an "elixir" to women and to have beneficial health effects. Maasai women believe that, after conceiving a child, they must have sexual intercourse repeatedly so that the additional sperm aids the child's development. Frequent condom use is also considered by some Maasai to cause impotence.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1080/13691050701208474 |pmid=17612958 |title=Wasting semen: Context and condom use among the Maasai |journal=Culture, Health & Sexuality |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=387–401 |year=2007 |last1=Coast |first1=Ernestina |s2cid=27950117 |url=http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/2502/1/Wasting_semen-context_and_condom_use_among_the_Maasai%28LSERO%29.pdf |access-date=20 January 2019 |archive-date=24 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924125404/http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/2502/1/Wasting_semen-context_and_condom_use_among_the_Maasai(LSERO).pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Some women in Africa believe that condoms are "for prostitutes" and that respectable women should not use them.<ref name="northeast kenya">{{cite web |url=http://www.plusnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=74336 |title=Muslim opposition to condoms limits distribution |date=17 September 2007 |publisher=PlusNews |access-date=26 March 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071003165407/http://www.plusnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=74336 |archive-date=3 October 2007}}</ref> A few clerics even promote the lie that condoms are deliberately laced with HIV.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/pius-kamau/islam-condoms-and-aids_b_120418.html |title=Islam, Condoms and AIDS |last=Kamau |first=Pius |date=24 August 2008 |work=The Huffington Post |access-date=26 March 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091115211414/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/pius-kamau/islam-condoms-and-aids_b_120418.html |archive-date=15 November 2009}}</ref> In the United States, possession of many condoms has been used by police to accuse women of engaging in prostitution.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Guza |first1=Megan |title=Condoms criminalized in Allegheny County prostitution cases |url=http://triblive.com/local/allegheny/13690556-74/condoms-criminalized-in-allegheny-county-prostitution-cases |access-date=6 June 2018 |publisher=Trib Live |date=3 June 2018 |archive-date=7 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180607043135/http://triblive.com/local/allegheny/13690556-74/condoms-criminalized-in-allegheny-county-prostitution-cases |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Big2014>{{cite news |url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/ny-bill-would-bar-condoms-proof-prostitution |title=NY bill would bar condoms as proof of prostitution |last1=KLEPPER |first1=DAVID |date=27 April 2014 |agency=Associated Press |access-date=27 April 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427210304/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/ny-bill-would-bar-condoms-proof-prostitution |archive-date=27 April 2014}}</ref> The [[Presidential Advisory Council on HIV/AIDS]] has condemned this practice and there are efforts to end it.<ref name=Big2014 /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wurth |first1=MH |last2=Schleifer |first2= R |last3=McLemore |first3= M |last4=Todrys |first4= KW |last5=Amon |first5= JJ |title=Condoms as evidence of prostitution in the United States and the criminalization of sex work. |journal=Journal of the International AIDS Society |date=24 May 2013 |volume=16 |issue=1 |page=18626 |pmid=23706178 |pmc=3664300 |doi=10.7448/ias.16.1.18626}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.sfbg.com/politics/2012/10/07/city-cease-using-condoms-evidence-prostitution-cases |title=City to cease using condoms as evidence in prostitution cases |last1=Chanoff |first1=Yael |date=7 October 2014 |website=[[San Francisco Bay Guardian]] |access-date=27 April 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140428022226/http://www.sfbg.com/politics/2012/10/07/city-cease-using-condoms-evidence-prostitution-cases |archive-date=28 April 2014}}</ref>

Middle-Eastern couples who have not had children, because of the strong desire and social pressure to establish fertility as soon as possible within marriage, rarely use condoms.<ref>{{cite journal |jstor=3649633 |title=The Sociocultural Context of Condom Use Within Marriage in Rural Lebanon |last1=Kulczycki |first1=Andrzej |date=4 December 2004 |journal=Studies in Family Planning |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=246–260 |doi=10.1111/j.0039-3665.2004.00029.x |pmid=15628783}}</ref>

In 2017, India restricted TV advertisements for condoms to between the hours of 10 pm to 6 am. Family planning advocates were against this, saying it was liable to "undo decades of progress on sexual and reproductive health".<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/dec/12/india-bans-condom-adverts-during-primetime-tv "India bans condom adverts during primetime TV"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180124215653/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/dec/12/india-bans-condom-adverts-during-primetime-tv |date=24 January 2018 }}. ''The Guardian'', 2017</ref>