Editing Colombia (section)

=== Architecture ===
{{Main|Architecture of Colombia}}
{{See also|Muisca architecture}}

Throughout the times, there have been a variety of [[List of architectural styles|architectural styles]], from those of indigenous peoples to contemporary ones, passing through colonial (military and religious), Republican, transition and modern styles.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://aplicaciones.virtual.unal.edu.co/blogs/hacolombia/category/1-introduccion/periodizacion/ |title=Periodización |publisher=Universidad Nacional |author=Silvia Arango |year=1990 |location=Bogotá |isbn=958-17-0061-7 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610210036/http://aplicaciones.virtual.unal.edu.co/blogs/hacolombia/category/1-introduccion/periodizacion/ |archive-date=10 June 2016  }}</ref>

[[File:Street_Scenes_in_Cartagena,_Colombia_(24045961890).jpg|thumb|Colonial balconies in the streets of [[Cartagena, Colombia|Cartagena]]]]
[[File:Catedral-Basílica-de-Nuestra-Señora-de-la-Asunción-de-Popayán-Colombia-1.jpg|thumb|Colonial [[Popayán]] main plaza, [[Cauca Department]]]]
[[File:Pila de agua en la Plaza Central en Villa de Leyva, Boyacá, Colombia.jpg|thumb|Colonial [[Villa de Leyva]], [[Boyacá Department]]]]
Ancient habitation areas, longhouses, [[Terrace (agriculture)|crop terraces]], roads as the [[Inca road system]], cemeteries, [[hypogeum]]s and [[necropolis]]es are all part of the [[Indigenous architecture|architectural heritage of indigenous peoples]].<ref>{{cite book |url=http://aplicaciones.virtual.unal.edu.co/blogs/hacolombia/category/cap-i/2-nivel-formativo-tribal/ |title=Nivel Formativo Tribal. La Casa Comunal |publisher=Universidad Nacional |author=Silvia Arango |year=1990 |location=Bogotá |isbn=958-17-0061-7 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610210203/http://aplicaciones.virtual.unal.edu.co/blogs/hacolombia/category/cap-i/2-nivel-formativo-tribal/ |archive-date=10 June 2016  }}</ref> Some prominent indigenous structures are the [[Andean preceramic|preceramic]] and [[ceramic]] archaeological site of [[Tequendama]],<ref>{{cite book |url=http://aplicaciones.virtual.unal.edu.co/blogs/hacolombia/category/cap-i/1-nivel-paleoindio/ |title=Nivel Paleoindio. Abrigos rocosos del tequendama |publisher=Universidad Nacional |author=Silvia Arango |year=1990 |location=Bogotá |isbn=958-17-0061-7 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610210129/http://aplicaciones.virtual.unal.edu.co/blogs/hacolombia/category/cap-i/1-nivel-paleoindio/ |archive-date=10 June 2016  }}</ref> [[Tierradentro]] (a park that contains the largest concentration of [[List of pre-Columbian cultures|pre-Columbian]] monumental [[shaft tomb]]s with side chambers),<ref>{{cite web| url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/743|publisher=UNESCO| title=National Archeological Park of Tierradentro|access-date=9 June 2016}}</ref> the largest collection of religious monuments and [[megalithic]] sculptures in South America, located in [[San Agustín Archaeological Park|San Agustín, Huila]],<ref name="San Agustín" /><ref>{{cite book |url=http://aplicaciones.virtual.unal.edu.co/blogs/hacolombia/category/cap-i/3-los-cacicazgos/ |title=Los cacicazgos. Las Aldeas y las Tumbas |publisher=Universidad Nacional |author=Silvia Arango |year=1990 |location=Bogotá |isbn=958-17-0061-7 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602122708/http://aplicaciones.virtual.unal.edu.co/blogs/hacolombia/category/cap-i/3-los-cacicazgos/ |archive-date=2 June 2016  }}</ref> [[Ciudad Perdida|Lost city]] (an archaeological site with a series of terraces carved into the mountainside, a net of tiled roads, and several circular plazas), and the large villages mainly built with [[stone]], wood, cane, and mud.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://aplicaciones.virtual.unal.edu.co/blogs/hacolombia/category/cap-i/4-los-tayrona-y-los-muisca-la-preciudad/ |title=Los Tayrona y los Muisca: La Preciudad |publisher=Universidad Nacional |author=Silvia Arango |year=1990 |location=Bogotá |isbn=958-17-0061-7 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602202706/http://aplicaciones.virtual.unal.edu.co/blogs/hacolombia/category/cap-i/4-los-tayrona-y-los-muisca-la-preciudad/ |archive-date=2 June 2016  }}</ref>
Architecture during the period of conquest and colonization is mainly derived of adapting [[European architecture|European styles]] to local conditions, and [[Spanish architecture|Spanish influence]], especially [[Andalusia]]n and [[Extremadura]]n, can be easily seen.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://aplicaciones.virtual.unal.edu.co/blogs/hacolombia/category/cap-ii/3-la-america-espanola-1730-1810/ |title=La América española. El apasionamiento escenográfico, 1730–1810 |publisher=Universidad Nacional |author=Silvia Arango |year=1990 |location=Bogotá |isbn=958-17-0061-7 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610210625/http://aplicaciones.virtual.unal.edu.co/blogs/hacolombia/category/cap-ii/3-la-america-espanola-1730-1810/ |archive-date=10 June 2016  }}</ref> When Europeans founded cities two things were making simultaneously: the dimensioning of geometrical space ([[town square]], street), and the location of a tangible point of [[Map orientation|orientation]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/revistas/credencial/sept2001/fundacio.htm |title=Fundaciones coloniales y republicanas en Colombia: normas, trazado y ritos fundacionales |publisher=Revista Credencial Historia |access-date=10 June 2016 |author=Agustín, José |language=es |archive-date=14 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814065957/http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/revistas/credencial/sept2001/fundacio.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> The construction of [[fort]]s was common throughout the Caribbean and in some cities of the interior, because of the dangers posed to Spanish colonial settlements from English, French and Dutch [[Piracy in the Caribbean|pirates]] and hostile indigenous groups.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://aplicaciones.virtual.unal.edu.co/blogs/hacolombia/category/cap-ii/1-la-conquista-1500-1550/ |title=La Conquista. El dominio del territorio, 1500–1550 |publisher=Universidad Nacional |author=Silvia Arango |year=1990 |location=Bogotá |isbn=958-17-0061-7 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610210435/http://aplicaciones.virtual.unal.edu.co/blogs/hacolombia/category/cap-ii/1-la-conquista-1500-1550/ |archive-date=10 June 2016  }}</ref> Churches, chapels, schools, and hospitals belonging to [[Catholic religious order|religious orders]] have a great urban influence.<ref name="1550–1750">{{cite book |url=http://aplicaciones.virtual.unal.edu.co/blogs/hacolombia/category/cap-ii/2-la-espana-americana-1550-1750/ |title=La España americana. Consolidación de tipologías, 1550–1750 |publisher=Universidad Nacional |author=Silvia Arango |year=1990 |location=Bogotá |isbn=958-17-0061-7 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610210511/http://aplicaciones.virtual.unal.edu.co/blogs/hacolombia/category/cap-ii/2-la-espana-americana-1550-1750/ |archive-date=10 June 2016  }}</ref> [[Baroque architecture]] is used in military buildings and public spaces.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://aplicaciones.virtual.unal.edu.co/blogs/hacolombia/?cat=14304 |title=Arquitectura colonial |publisher=Universidad Nacional |author=Silvia Arango |year=1990 |location=Bogotá |isbn=958-17-0061-7 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610210403/http://aplicaciones.virtual.unal.edu.co/blogs/hacolombia/?cat=14304 |archive-date=10 June 2016  }}</ref> Marcelino Arroyo, [[Francisco José de Caldas]] and Domingo de Petrés were great representatives of [[neo-classical architecture]].<ref name="1550–1750" />

The [[Capitolio Nacional|National Capitol]] is a great representative of romanticism.<ref>{{cite book| url=http://aplicaciones.virtual.unal.edu.co/blogs/hacolombia/category/cap-iii/1-el-capitolio-y-tomas-reed-d-capitulo-iii/| title=El Capitolio y Tomás Reed| publisher=Universidad Nacional| author=Silvia Arango| year=1990| location=Bogotá| isbn=958-17-0061-7| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610210826/http://aplicaciones.virtual.unal.edu.co/blogs/hacolombia/category/cap-iii/1-el-capitolio-y-tomas-reed-d-capitulo-iii/| archive-date=10 June 2016| df=dmy-all}}</ref> Wood was extensively used in doors, windows, railings, and ceilings during the colonization of [[Antioquia Department|Antioquia]]. The [[Caribbean region of Colombia|Caribbean]] architecture acquires a strong [[Arabic architecture|Arabic influence]].<ref>{{cite book |url=http://aplicaciones.virtual.unal.edu.co/blogs/hacolombia/category/cap-iii/2-la-arquitectura-de-la-colonizacion/ |title=La arquitectura de la colonización |publisher=Universidad Nacional |author=Silvia Arango |year=1990 |location=Bogotá |isbn=958-17-0061-7 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610210907/http://aplicaciones.virtual.unal.edu.co/blogs/hacolombia/category/cap-iii/2-la-arquitectura-de-la-colonizacion/ |archive-date=10 June 2016  }}</ref> The [[Teatro de Cristóbal Colón|Teatro Colón]] in Bogotá is a lavish example of architecture from the 19th century.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://aplicaciones.virtual.unal.edu.co/blogs/hacolombia/category/cap-iii/3-la-arquitectura-urbana-de-fin-de-siglo/ |title=La arquitectura urbana de fin de siglo |publisher=Universidad Nacional |author=Silvia Arango |year=1990 |location=Bogotá |isbn=958-17-0061-7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506073539/http://aplicaciones.virtual.unal.edu.co/blogs/hacolombia/category/cap-iii/3-la-arquitectura-urbana-de-fin-de-siglo/ |archive-date=6 May 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The quintas houses with innovations in the [[volumetric]] conception are some of the best examples of the Republican architecture; the Republican action in the city focused on the design of three types of [[Spatial analysis|spaces]]: parks with forests, small [[urban park]]s and [[Avenue (landscape)|avenues]] and the [[Gothic architecture|Gothic style]] was most commonly used for the design of churches.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://aplicaciones.virtual.unal.edu.co/blogs/hacolombia/category/cap-iv/2-la-generacion-republicana/ |title=La generación republicana |publisher=Universidad Nacional |author=Silvia Arango |year=1990 |location=Bogotá |isbn=958-17-0061-7 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610211218/http://aplicaciones.virtual.unal.edu.co/blogs/hacolombia/category/cap-iv/2-la-generacion-republicana/ |archive-date=10 June 2016  }}</ref>

Deco style, [[Rationalism (architecture)|modern neoclassicism]], [[Eclecticism in architecture|eclecticism]] [[folklorist]] and [[art deco]] [[Ornament (art)|ornamental]] resources significantly influenced the architecture of Colombia, especially during the transition period.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://aplicaciones.virtual.unal.edu.co/blogs/hacolombia/category/cap-v/1-la-persistencia-de-los-estilos/ |title=La persistencia de los estilos |publisher=Universidad Nacional |author=Silvia Arango |year=1990 |location=Bogotá |isbn=958-17-0061-7 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304211009/http://aplicaciones.virtual.unal.edu.co/blogs/hacolombia/category/cap-v/1-la-persistencia-de-los-estilos/ |archive-date=4 March 2016  }}</ref> [[International Style (architecture)|Modernism]] contributed with new construction technologies and new [[Building material|materials]] (steel, [[reinforced concrete]], glass and synthetic materials) and the [[topology]] architecture and [[Concrete slab|lightened slabs system]] also have a great influence.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://aplicaciones.virtual.unal.edu.co/blogs/hacolombia/category/cap-vi/3-primera-fase/ |title=Primera fase: los alardes de la técnica |publisher=Universidad Nacional |author=Silvia Arango |year=1990 |location=Bogotá |isbn=958-17-0061-7 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610212041/http://aplicaciones.virtual.unal.edu.co/blogs/hacolombia/category/cap-vi/3-primera-fase/ |archive-date=10 June 2016  }}</ref> The most influential architects of the modern movement were [[Rogelio Salmona]] and Fernando Martínez Sanabria.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://aplicaciones.virtual.unal.edu.co/blogs/hacolombia/category/cap-vi/4-segunda-fase/ |title=Segunda fase: la asimilación consiente |publisher=Universidad Nacional |author=Silvia Arango |year=1990 |location=Bogotá |isbn=958-17-0061-7 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610212127/http://aplicaciones.virtual.unal.edu.co/blogs/hacolombia/category/cap-vi/4-segunda-fase/ |archive-date=10 June 2016  }}</ref>

The [[contemporary architecture]] of Colombia is designed to give greater importance to the [[Building material|materials]], this architecture takes into account the specific [[Geographical feature|natural and artificial geographies]] and is also an architecture that appeals to the [[sense]]s.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://aplicaciones.virtual.unal.edu.co/blogs/hacolombia/category/cap-vii/3-arquitectura-de-los-sentidos-y-contextualidad/ |title=Arquitectura de los sentidos y contextualidad |publisher=Universidad Nacional |author=Silvia Arango |year=1990 |location=Bogotá |isbn=958-17-0061-7 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611005914/http://aplicaciones.virtual.unal.edu.co/blogs/hacolombia/category/cap-vii/3-arquitectura-de-los-sentidos-y-contextualidad/ |archive-date=11 June 2016  }}</ref> The [[Architectural conservation|conservation of the architectural and urban heritage]] of Colombia has been promoted in recent years.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://aplicaciones.virtual.unal.edu.co/blogs/hacolombia/category/cap-vii/2-la-recuperacion-del-pasado/ |title=La recuperación del pasado |publisher=Universidad Nacional |author=Silvia Arango |year=1990 |location=Bogotá |isbn=958-17-0061-7 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611010039/http://aplicaciones.virtual.unal.edu.co/blogs/hacolombia/category/cap-vii/2-la-recuperacion-del-pasado/ |archive-date=11 June 2016  }}</ref>