Editing Civil rights movement (section)

====Newark and Detroit====
[[File:Newark Riots 1967 (305517077) (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[1967 Newark riots]]]]
[[File:Detroit 1967.jpg|thumb|Destroyed buildings during the [[1967 Detroit riots]]]]
Occurring well after the conclusion of the 1966 Chicago open housing movement, in what is known as the "[[Long hot summer of 1967]]" more than 150 riots erupted across the United States, with the most destructive occurring in [[Detroit]], Michigan and [[Newark, New Jersey|Newark]], New Jersey.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thirteen.org/newark/history3.html |title=A Walk Through Newark. History. The Riots|publisher=Thirteen/WNET |access-date=July 29, 2016}}</ref> The ''[[Boston Globe]]'' called it "a revolution of black Americans against white Americans, a violent petition for the redress of long-standing grievances." The ''Globe'' asserted that [[Great Society]] legislation had affected little fundamental improvement.<ref name="Dallek 1998, p. 412">Dallek (1998), p. 412.</ref>

The [[1967 Newark riots|Newark riots]] were sparked by the arrest and beating of John William Smith, a Black cab driver, by police officers. The unrest lasted for five days, involving widespread looting, arson, and violent confrontations with police and National Guard troops. Some 26 people were killed, more than 700 were injured, and more than 1,000 residents were arrested.<ref name="Dallek 1998, p. 412"/><ref>{{cite web |last1=Evans |first1=Farrell |title=The 1967 Riots: When Outrage Over Racial Injustice Boiled Over |url=https://www.history.com/news/1967-summer-riots-detroit-newark-kerner-commission |website=History.com |date=October 6, 2023 |access-date=8 December 2024}}</ref>

In Detroit, a large [[black middle class]] had begun to develop among those African Americans who worked at unionized jobs in the automotive industry. These workers complained of persisting racist practices, limiting the jobs they could have and opportunities for promotion. The [[United Auto Workers]] channeled these complaints into bureaucratic and ineffective grievance procedures.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=3527 |title=Review of Georgakas, Dan; Surkin, Marvin, ''Detroit, I Do Mind Dying: A Study in Urban Revolution'' |first=Karen |last=Miller |date=October 1, 1999 }}</ref> Violent white mobs enforced the segregation of housing up through the 1960s.<ref name="pbs.org">{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/eyesontheprize/profiles/57_mi.html |title=American Experience. Eyes on the Prize. Profiles |website=[[PBS]] |access-date=July 29, 2016 |archive-date=February 18, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218081425/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/eyesontheprize/profiles/57_mi.html}}</ref> The [[1967 Detroit riot|Detroit riots]] were sparked by a police raid on an unlicensed after-hours bar, commonly called the "Blind Pig," in a predominantly Black neighborhood. The riots lasted for five days, causing significant property damage, 1,200 injuries, and at least 43 deaths (33 of those killed were Black residents of the city).<ref name="The Riots of the Long, Hot Summer"/> Governor [[George W. Romney|George Romney]] sent in 7,400 National Guard troops to quell fire bombings, looting, and attacks on businesses and police. President Lyndon Johnson deployed [[U.S. Army]] troops with [[tanks]] and [[machine guns]]. Residents reported that police officers and National Guardsmen shot at black civilians and suspects indiscriminately.<ref name="pbs.org" /><ref>Hubert G. Locke, ''The Detroit Riot of 1967'' (Wayne State University Press, 1969).</ref>{{sfn|McLaughlin|2014|pp=1–9; 40–41}}

At an August 2, 1967 cabinet meeting, Attorney General [[Ramsey Clark]] warned that untrained and undisciplined local police forces and National Guardsmen might trigger a "[[guerrilla war]] in the streets," as evidenced by the climate of [[sniper]] fire in Newark and Detroit.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hinton |first1=Elizabeth |title=From the War on Poverty to the War on Crime: The Making of Mass Incarceration in America |date=2016 |publisher=Harvard University Press |page=108}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Flamm |first1=Michael W. |title=In the Heat of the Summer: The New York Riots of 1964 and the War on Crime |date=2017 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |page=276}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bigart |first1=Homer |title=Newark Riot Deaths at 21 As Negro Sniping Widens; Hughes May Seek U.S. Aid |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/library/national/race/071667race-ra.html |agency=The New York Times |date=July 16, 1967}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Roberts |first1=Gene |title=Troops Battle Detroit Snipers, Firing Machine Guns From Tanks; Lindsay Appeals To East Harlem; Detroit Toll Is 31 Rioters Rout Police-- Guardsmen Released To Aid Other Cities |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1967/07/26/archives/troops-battle-detroit-snipers-firing-machine-guns-from-tanks.html |agency=The New York Times |date=July 26, 1967}}</ref> Snipers were a significant element in many of the riots, creating a dangerous situation for both law enforcement and civilians, with shooters often targeting from rooftops and other concealed locations.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=1lUEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA17&dq=1967+life+magazine+newark+snipers&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwizzOfjxpiKAxXwkYkEHfRfG9AQ6AF6BAgKEAI#v=onepage&q&f=false LIFE Magazine, July 28, 1967]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=51UEAAAAMBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=1967+life+magazine+detroit&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiLpLyDyJiKAxXsrYkEHavxEjAQ6AF6BAgEEAI#v=onepage&q=1967%20life%20magazine%20detroit&f=false LIFE Magazine, August 4, 1967]</ref>