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=== Sources === {{refbegin}} * Reuter, Timothy. ''Germany in the Early Middle Ages 800–1056''. New York: Longman, 1991. {{ISBN?}} * MacLean, Simon. ''Kingship and Politics in the Late Ninth Century: Charles the Fat and the end of the Carolingian Empire''. Cambridge University Press: 2003. {{ISBN?}} * Leyser, Karl. ''Communications and Power in Medieval Europe: The Carolingian and Ottonian Centuries''. London: 1994. {{ISBN?}} * [[Ferdinand Lot|Lot, Ferdinand]]. (1891). "Origine et signification du mot «carolingien»." ''Revue Historique'', '''46'''(1): 68–73. * [[Charles Oman|Oman, Charles]]. ''The Dark Ages, 476–918''. 6th ed. London: Rivingtons, 1914. * [[Sidney Painter|Painter, Sidney]]. ''A History of the Middle Ages, 284–1500''. New York: Knopf, 1953. * "Astronomus", ''[http://www.intratext.com/X/LAT0459.HTM Vita Hludovici imperatoris]'', ed. G. Pertz, ch. 2, in Mon. Gen. Hist. Scriptores, II, 608. * Reuter, Timothy (trans.) ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20100226063634/http://www.medievalsources.co.uk/fulda.htm The Annals of Fulda]''. (Manchester Medieval series, Ninth-Century Histories, Volume II.) Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1992. * [[Einhard]]. ''[http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/einhard.html Vita Karoli Magni] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514190052/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/einhard.html |date=14 May 2008 }}''. Translated by Samuel Epes Turner. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1880. {{refend}}
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