Editing Camouflage (section)

==== Second World War ====

{{further|list of camoufleurs|World War II ship camouflage measures of the United States Navy|German World War II camouflage patterns}}

In the [[Second World War]], the zoologist Hugh Cott, a [[protégé]] of Kerr, worked to persuade the British army to use more effective camouflage methods, including countershading, but, like Kerr and Thayer in the First World War, with limited success. For example, he painted two rail-mounted coastal guns, one in conventional style, one [[Countershading|countershaded]]. In aerial photographs, the countershaded gun was essentially invisible.{{sfn|Forbes|2009|pages=149–150}} The power of aerial observation and attack led every warring nation to camouflage targets of all types. The [[Soviet Union]]'s [[Red Army]] created the comprehensive [[military doctrine|doctrine]] of ''[[Russian military deception|Maskirovka]]'' for military deception, including the use of camouflage.<ref>{{cite web |last=Keating |first=Kenneth C. |url=http://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a112903.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519040222/http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a112903.pdf |url-status=live |archive-date=19 May 2014 |title=Maskirovka: The Soviet System of Camouflage |publisher=U.S. Army Russian Institute |year=1981 |access-date=8 July 2012}}</ref> For example, during the [[Battle of Kursk]], [[Mikhail Katukov|General Katukov]], the commander of the Soviet 1st Tank Army, remarked that the enemy "did not suspect that our well-camouflaged tanks were waiting for him. As we later learned from prisoners, we had managed to move our tanks forward unnoticed". The tanks were concealed in previously prepared defensive emplacements, with only their turrets above ground level.<ref>{{cite book |title=Kursk: the greatest battle |publisher=Headline Review |last=Clark |first=Lloyd |year=2011 |page=278 |isbn=978-0-7553-3639-5}}</ref> In the air, Second World War fighters were often painted in ground colours above and sky colours below, attempting two different camouflage schemes for observers above and below.<ref>{{cite book |last=Shaw |first=Robert L. |title=Fighter Combat: Tactics and Maneuvering |year=1985 |publisher=Naval Institute Press |isbn=978-0-87021-059-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/fightercombattac00shaw }}</ref> Bombers and night fighters were often black,<ref>Stephenson, Hubert Kirk (1948). ''Applied Physics'', pp. 200, 258. Volume 6 of Science in World War II; Office of Scientific Research and Development. Editors: Chauncey Guy Suits and George Russell Harrison. Little, Brown.</ref> while maritime reconnaissance planes were usually white, to avoid appearing as dark shapes against the sky.<ref>{{cite book |last=Tinbergen |first=Niko |author-link=Niko Tinbergen |title=The Herring Gull's World |publisher=Collins |year=1953 |page=14 |isbn=978-0-00-219444-0 |quote=white has proved to be the most efficient concealing coloration for aircraft on anti-submarine patrol}}</ref> For ships, dazzle camouflage was mainly replaced with plain grey in the Second World War, though experimentation with colour schemes continued.<ref name=Sumrall/>

As in the First World War, artists were pressed into service; for example, the surrealist painter [[Roland Penrose]] became a lecturer at the newly founded Camouflage Development and Training Centre at [[Farnham Castle]],<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.farnhamcastle.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=79&Itemid=133 |work=Farnham Castle |title=World War II|access-date=8 February 2013}}</ref> writing the practical ''Home Guard Manual of Camouflage''.{{sfn|Forbes|2009|pages =151–152}} The film-maker [[Geoffrey Barkas]] ran the [[Middle East Command Camouflage Directorate]] during the 1941–1942 war in the Western Desert, including the successful deception of [[Operation Bertram]]. Hugh Cott was chief instructor; the artist camouflage officers, who called themselves ''[[camoufleurs]]'', included [[Steven Sykes (artist)|Steven Sykes]] and [[Tony Ayrton]].{{sfn|Barkas|1952|pages=154, 186–188}}{{sfn|Forbes|2009|pages=156–166}} In Australia, artists were also prominent in the Sydney Camouflage Group, formed under the chairmanship of Professor [[William John Dakin]], a zoologist from Sydney University. [[Max Dupain]], [[Sydney Ure Smith]], and [[William Dobell]] were among the members of the group, which worked at [[Bankstown Airport]], [[RAAF Base Richmond]] and Garden Island Dockyard.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mellor |first=D. P. |series=Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Series 4 – Civil |volume=5 |title=The Role of Science and Industry |publisher=Australian War Memorial |location=Canberra |year=1958 |page=538ff}}</ref> In the United States, artists like [[John Vassos]] took a certificate course in military and industrial camouflage at the [[American School of Design]] with Baron Nicholas Cerkasoff, and went on to create camouflage for the Air Force.<ref>{{cite book |last=Shapiro |first=Danielle |title=John Vassos: Industrial Design for Modern Life |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |year=2016 |isbn=978-0-8166-9341-2 |page=183}}</ref>

<gallery class="center" mode="nolines" heights="150px" widths="150px">
File:Catalina Góraszka 2008 204.JPG|Maritime patrol [[Consolidated PBY Catalina|Catalina]], painted white to minimise visibility against the sky
File:SS Platanenmuster Sommer.jpg|1937 summer variant of [[Waffen SS]] ''[[Flecktarn]]'' Plane tree pattern
File:USS Duluth (CL-87) underway in Hampton Roads on 10 October 1944 (NH 98363).jpg|[[USS Duluth (CL-87)|USS ''Duluth'']] in naval camouflage Measure 32, Design 11a, one of many dazzle schemes used on warships
File:Spitfire.planform.arp.jpg|A [[Supermarine Spitfire|Spitfire's]] underside 'azure' paint scheme, meant to hide it against the sky
<!--File:Mitchell 180 Sqn RAF in especially camouflaged hangar Belgium 1944.jpg-->
File:Royal Air Force 1939-1945- Fighter Command CL3979.jpg|A [[Luftwaffe]] aircraft hangar built to resemble a street of village houses, Belgium, 1944
File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-E0406-0022-001, Russland, Kesselschlacht Stalingrad.jpg|[[Red Army]] soldiers in the [[Battle of Stalingrad]] in [[snow camouflage]] overalls, January 1943
</gallery>