Editing Beta blocker (section)

== Other effects ==

Beta blockers, due to their antagonism at beta-1 adrenergic receptors, inhibit both the synthesis of new [[melatonin]] and its secretion by the [[pineal gland]]. The neuropsychiatric side effects of some beta blockers (e.g. sleep disruption, [[insomnia]]) may be due to this effect.<ref name="Fares BB and Melatonin">{{cite journal | vauthors = Fares A | title = Night-time exogenous melatonin administration may be a beneficial treatment for sleeping disorders in beta blocker patients | journal = Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research | volume = 2 | issue = 3 | pages = 153–155 | date = July 2011 | pmid = 22022142 | pmc = 3195193 | doi = 10.4103/0975-3583.85261 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

Some pre-clinical and clinical research suggests that some beta blockers may be beneficial for cancer treatment.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Choy C, Raytis JL, Smith DD, Duenas M, Neman J, Jandial R, Lew MW | title = Inhibition of β2-adrenergic receptor reduces triple-negative breast cancer brain metastases: The potential benefit of perioperative β-blockade | journal = Oncology Reports | volume = 35 | issue = 6 | pages = 3135–3142 | date = June 2016 | pmid = 27035124 | pmc = 4869944 | doi = 10.3892/or.2016.4710 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kokolus KM, Zhang Y, Sivik JM, Schmeck C, Zhu J, Repasky EA, Drabick JJ, Schell TD | display-authors = 6 | title = Beta blocker use correlates with better overall survival in metastatic melanoma patients and improves the efficacy of immunotherapies in mice | journal = Oncoimmunology | volume = 7 | issue = 3 | pages = e1405205 | year = 2018 | pmid = 29399407 | pmc = 5790362 | doi = 10.1080/2162402X.2017.1405205 }}</ref> However, other studies do not show a correlation between cancer survival and beta blocker usage.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Livingstone E, Hollestein LM, van Herk-Sukel MP, van de Poll-Franse L, Nijsten T, Schadendorf D, de Vries E | title = β-Blocker use and all-cause mortality of melanoma patients: results from a population-based Dutch cohort study | journal = European Journal of Cancer | volume = 49 | issue = 18 | pages = 3863–3871 | date = December 2013 | pmid = 23942335 | doi = 10.1016/j.ejca.2013.07.141 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Cardwell CR, Coleman HG, Murray LJ, O'Sullivan JM, Powe DG | title = Beta-blocker usage and prostate cancer survival: a nested case-control study in the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink cohort | journal = Cancer Epidemiology | volume = 38 | issue = 3 | pages = 279–285 | date = June 2014 | pmid = 24786858 | doi = 10.1016/j.canep.2014.03.011 }}</ref> Also, a 2017 meta-analysis failed to show any benefit for the use of beta blockers in breast cancer.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kim HY, Jung YJ, Lee SH, Jung HJ, Pak K | title = Is Beta-Blocker Use Beneficial in Breast Cancer? A Meta-Analysis | journal = Oncology | volume = 92 | issue = 5 | pages = 264–268 | year = 2017 | pmid = 28132057 | doi = 10.1159/000455143 | s2cid = 5463335 }}</ref>

Beta blockers have also been used for the treatment of [[schizoid personality disorder]].<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Joseph S | date = 1997 | chapter =Chapter 3, Schizoid Personality Disorder. | title = Personality Disorders: New Symptom-Focused Drug Therapy. | publisher = Psychology Press | pages = 45–56 | isbn = 9780789001344}}</ref> However, there is limited evidence supporting the efficacy of supplemental beta blocker use in addition to antipsychotic drugs for treating schizophrenia.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cheine |first1=M. |last2=Ahonen |first2=J. |last3=Wahlbeck |first3=K. |date=2001 |title=Beta-blocker supplementation of standard drug treatment for schizophrenia |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11686955 |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |issue=3 |pages=CD000234 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD000234 |issn=1469-493X |pmid=11686955}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | vauthors = Shek E, Bardhan S, Cheine MV, Ahonen J, Wahlbeck  | collaboration = Cochrane Schizophrenia Group | title = Beta-blocker supplementation of standard drug treatment for schizophrenia. | journal = Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | date = September 1996 | volume = 2010 | issue = 7 |url=https://www.cochrane.org/CD000234/SCHIZ_beta-blocker-supplementation-of-standard-drug-treatment-for-people-with-schizophrenia | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD000234 |s2cid=1627733 }}</ref>

[[Contrast agent]]s are not contraindicated in those receiving beta blockers.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Boehm I, Morelli J, Nairz K, Silva Hasembank Keller P, Heverhagen JT | title = Beta blockers and intravenous roentgen contrast materials: Which risks do exist? | journal = European Journal of Internal Medicine | volume = 35 | pages = e17–e18 | date = November 2016 | pmid = 27531627 | doi = 10.1016/j.ejim.2016.08.003 }}</ref>