Editing Atlantic slave trade (section)

==New World destinations==

===Caribbean===
[[File:Cutting Sugar Cane in Trinidad, 1836, lithograph.jpg|thumb|A sugarcane plantation in [[Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad]], 1836, lithograph. In 1834, Britain abolished slavery in its colonies.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aug. 1, 1834: Britain Passes Slavery Abolition Act |url=https://www.zinnedproject.org/news/tdih/britain-slavery-abolition-act/#:~:text=On%20August%201%2C%201834%2C%20Britain,inspiration%20and%20hope%20for%20abolitionists. |website=www.zinnedproject.org |access-date=23 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240703205200/https://www.zinnedproject.org/news/tdih/britain-slavery-abolition-act/ |archive-date=3 July 2024}}</ref>]]

The first slaves to arrive as part of a labour force in the New World reached the island of [[Hispaniola]] (now [[Haiti]] and the [[Dominican Republic]]) in 1502. Cuba received its first four slaves in 1513. [[Jamaica]] received its first shipment of 4,000 slaves in 1518.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wynter |first1=Sylvia |year=1984a |title=New Seville and the Conversion Experience of Bartolomé de Las Casas: Part One |journal=Jamaica Journal |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=25–32}}</ref> "Between the 1490s and the 1850s, Latin America, including the Spanish-speaking [[Caribbean]] and Brazil, imported the largest number of African slaves to the New World, generating the single-greatest concentration of black populations outside of the African continent."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Vinson |first1=Ben |last2=Graves |first2=Greg |title=The Black Experience in Colonial Latin America |url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/document/obo-9780199766581/obo-9780199766581-0038.xml |website=Oxford Bibliographies |access-date=29 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229182855/https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/abstract/document/obo-9780199766581/obo-9780199766581-0038.xml |archive-date=29 February 2024}}</ref> About 4 million enslaved Africans were transported to the Caribbean by way of the transatlantic slave trade.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Caribbean |url=https://slaveryandremembrance.org/articles/article/?id=A0105 |website=Colonial Williamsburg Foundation |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |access-date=29 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726161219/https://slaveryandremembrance.org/articles/article/?id=A0105 |archive-date=26 July 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Slavery in Cuba|Cuba]], the largest slave colony in Hispanic America, imported 800,000 enslaved Africans and participated in the illegal slave trade longer than any other.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cuba and the United States in the Atlantic Slave Trade (1789–1820) |url=https://hutchinscenter.fas.harvard.edu/cuba-us-slave-trade |website=Hutchins Center for African & African American Research |publisher=[[Harvard University]] |access-date=1 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301185001/https://hutchinscenter.fas.harvard.edu/cuba-us-slave-trade |archive-date=1 March 2024}}</ref> Enslaved Africans worked about 16 hours a day on the [[Sugar plantations in the Caribbean|sugarcane plantations]]. They brought their [[Traditional African religions|traditional religions]] from West Africa; these developed in the new world as religions that scholars call [[African diaspora religions]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Padgett |first1=Jeffries |title=The Christianization of Slaves in the West Indies |url=https://scholar.library.miami.edu/slaves/slave_trade/individual_essays/jeffrey.html |website=Slave Resistance a Caribbean Study |publisher=[[University of Miami Libraries]] |access-date=29 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726161212/https://scholar.library.miami.edu/slaves/slave_trade/individual_essays/jeffrey.html |archive-date=26 July 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Central America===
Slave exports to [[Honduras]] and [[Guatemala]] started in 1526. Historian Nigel Bolland writes of the slave trade in Central America: "The demand for labor in the early Spanish settlements of Hispaniola, [[Cuba]], [[Panama]], and [[Peru]] resulted in a large-scale [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Indian (Indigenous people)]] slave trade in [[Central America]] in the second quarter of the 16th century. Indeed, the first colonial economy of the region was based on slave trading."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bolland |first1=Nigel |title=Colonization and slavery in central America |journal=Slavery & Abolition |date=1994 |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=11–25 |doi=10.1080/01440399408575123 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/01440399408575123#:~:text=The%20demand%20for%20labour%20in,was%20based%20on%20slave%20trading. |access-date=29 February 2024 |archive-date=29 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229181859/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/01440399408575123#:~:text=The%20demand%20for%20labour%20in,was%20based%20on%20slave%20trading. |url-status=live}}</ref>

In the 16th century, the majority of Africans imported to Central America came from present-day [[Senegambia]] and other West African regions. Between 1607 and 1640, Portuguese slave traders imported Africans from Angola to [[Honduras]] and were sold in [[Santiago de los Caballeros de Guatemala|Santiago de Guatemala]] to work in the sugar and indigo plantations. The majority of the Africans working in the plantations were from the Luanda region in Central Africa.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lokken |first1=Paul |title=From the "Kingdoms of Angola" to Santiago de Guatemala: The Portuguese Asientos and Spanish Central America, 1595–1640 |journal=[[Hispanic American Historical Review]] |date=2013 |volume=93 |issue=2 |pages=171–203 |doi=10.1215/00182168-2077126 |url=https://read.dukeupress.edu/hahr/article-abstract/93/2/171/10778/From-the-Kingdoms-of-Angola-to-Santiago-de?redirectedFrom=fulltext |access-date=1 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726161245/https://read.dukeupress.edu/hahr/article-abstract/93/2/171/10778/From-the-Kingdoms-of-Angola-to-Santiago-de?redirectedFrom=fulltext |archive-date=26 July 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===United States===
The first enslaved Africans to reach what would become the United States arrived in July{{citation needed|date=October 2016}} 1526 as part of a Spanish attempt to colonize [[San Miguel de Gualdape]]. By November, the 300 Spanish colonists were reduced to 100, and their slaves from 100 to 70{{why|date = August 2014}}. The enslaved people revolted in 1526 and joined a nearby Native American tribe, while the Spanish abandoned the colony altogether (1527). The area of the future [[Colombia]] received its first enslaved people in 1533. [[El Salvador]], [[Costa Rica]], and [[Florida]] began their stints in the slave trade in 1541, 1563, and 1581, respectively. According to research, about 40 percent of enslaved Africans arrived at [[Gadsden's Wharf]], which was the largest slave port in the United States.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Angeleti |first1=Gabriella |title=Once the US's largest slave port, Charleston will open African American museum next year |url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2022/08/23/once-the-uss-largest-slave-port-charleston-will-open-african-american-museum-next-year |access-date=28 February 2024 |agency=The Art Newspaper |date=2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240302172925/https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2022/08/23/once-the-uss-largest-slave-port-charleston-will-open-african-american-museum-next-year |archive-date=2 March 2024}}</ref>

In the 17th century in [[History of Boston|colonial Boston]] in Massachusetts, about 166 transatlantic voyages embarked out of Boston. Boston imported enslaved people from Africa and exported rum.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Middle Passage |url=https://www.nps.gov/articles/the-middle-passage.htm |website=Boston African American National Historic Site |publisher=[[National Park Service]] |access-date=28 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222192707/https://www.nps.gov/articles/the-middle-passage.htm |archive-date=22 February 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Peter Faneuil]] organized and profited from the trans-Atlantic voyages out of Boston and imported manufactured goods from Europe, and imported enslaved people, rum, and sugar from the Caribbean.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Atlantic Empire of Peter Faneuil |url=https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/the-atlantic-empire-of-peter-faneuil.htm |website=Boston African American National Historical Park |publisher=[[National Park Service]] |access-date=28 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240414180604/https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/the-atlantic-empire-of-peter-faneuil.htm |archive-date=14 April 2024}}</ref> Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island were the three New England states with the largest slave populations. The enslaved population in South Kingston, Rhode Island was thirty percent, in Boston the slave population was ten percent, in New London it was nine percent, and in New York it was 7.2 percent.<ref>{{cite web |title=Slaves in New England |url=https://www.medfordhistorical.org/medford-history/africa-to-medford/slaves-in-new-england/#:~:text=Enslaved%20people%20were%20brought%20into,as%20children%20in%20coastal%20cities. |website=Medford Historical Society and Museum |date=25 February 2013 |access-date=29 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229173105/https://www.medfordhistorical.org/medford-history/africa-to-medford/slaves-in-new-england/ |archive-date=29 February 2024}}</ref> The earliest documentation of enslaved people in New England was 1638. In Northern American British colonies, [[Massachusetts Bay Colony|Massachusetts Bay colonies]] was the center for slave trading and colonial Boston was a major slave port in the North importing slaves directly from Africa.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Importation and Sale of Enslaved People |url=https://www.masshist.org/features/endofslavery/trade |website=Massachusetts Historical Society |access-date=29 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229173153/https://www.masshist.org/features/endofslavery/trade |archive-date=29 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Slavery and the Slave Trade in New England |url=https://www.library.dartmouth.edu/slavery-project/slavery-slave-trade-new-england |website=Dartmouth Libraries |publisher=[[Dartmouth College]] |access-date=29 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726161216/https://www.library.dartmouth.edu/slavery-project/slavery-slave-trade-new-england |archive-date=26 July 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Bunce Island north-west.JPG|thumb|[[Bunce Island]] in [[Sierra Leone]] exported tens of thousands of Africans to the [[Sea Islands]] of South Carolina and Georgia. [[Gadsden's Wharf]] in Charleston, South Carolina, received the majority of imported slaves from Bunce Island.<ref>{{cite news |title=Freetown City Council Host CEO of the International African American Museum (IAAM) |url=https://thecalabashnewspaper.com/freetown-city-council-host-ceo-of-the-international-african-american-museum-iaam/ |access-date=28 February 2024 |agency=The Calabash Newspaper |date=2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228182745/https://thecalabashnewspaper.com/freetown-city-council-host-ceo-of-the-international-african-american-museum-iaam/ |archive-date=28 February 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Gullah|African Americans]] in the Sea Islands can trace their ancestry to Sierra Leone.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bunce Island History |url=https://glc.yale.edu/lectures/evening-lectures/past-lectures/20042005/bunce-island/bunce-island-history |website=Yale Macmillan Center |date=15 June 2015 |publisher=Gilder Lehrman Center for the Study of Slavery, Resistance, and Abolition |access-date=28 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313085856/https://glc.yale.edu/lectures/evening-lectures/past-lectures/20042005/bunce-island/bunce-island-history |archive-date=13 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tracing the Trade in Enslaved Africans back to Bunce Island, Sierra Leone |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/story/tracing-the-trade-in-enslaved-africans-back-to-bunce-island-sierra-leone-world-monuments-fund/awWhsuSPtz5z1A?hl=en |website=Google Arts and Culture |publisher=World Monuments Fund |access-date=28 February 2024 |archive-date=28 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228175220/https://artsandculture.google.com/story/tracing-the-trade-in-enslaved-africans-back-to-bunce-island-sierra-leone-world-monuments-fund/awWhsuSPtz5z1A?hl=en |url-status=live}}</ref>]]

The 17th century saw an increase in shipments. Africans were brought to Point Comfort – several miles downriver from the English colony of [[Jamestown, Virginia|Jamestown]], Virginia – in 1619. The first kidnapped Africans in English North America were classed as indentured servants and freed after seven years. Virginia law codified chattel slavery in 1656, and in 1662 the colony adopted the principle of ''[[partus sequitur ventrem]]'', which classified children of slave mothers as slaves, regardless of paternity. Under British law, children born of white male slave owners and black female slaves would have inherited the father's status and rights. The change to maternal inheritance for slaves guaranteed that anyone born with any slave ancestors was a slave, with no regard to the nature of the relations between the white father and the black mother, consensual or not.<ref>{{cite web |title=New World Labor Systems: African Slavery |url=https://ldhi.library.cofc.edu/exhibits/show/africanpassageslowcountryadapt/introductionatlanticworld/the_rise_of_african_slavery |website=Lowcountry History Digital Initiative |publisher=Lowcountry Digital Library at the College of Charleston |access-date=16 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240512112240/http://ldhi.library.cofc.edu/exhibits/show/africanpassageslowcountryadapt/introductionatlanticworld/the_rise_of_african_slavery |archive-date=12 May 2024}}</ref>

In addition to African persons, [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas]] were [[Slavery among the Indigenous peoples of the Americas#European enslavement of Indigenous peoples|trafficked]] through Atlantic trade routes. The 1677 work ''[[s:The Doings and Sufferings of the Christian Indians|The Doings and Sufferings of the Christian Indians]]'', for example, documents [[English overseas possessions#The Americas|English colonial]] [[prisoners of war]] (not, in fact, opposing combatants, but imprisoned members of [[Praying Indian|English-allied forces]]) being enslaved and sent to Caribbean destinations.<ref name="Gookin">{{cite book |last=Gookin |first=Daniel |author-link=Daniel Gookin |year=1836 |orig-date=1677 |title=The Doings and Sufferings of the Christian Indians |title-link=s:The Doings and Sufferings of the Christian Indians |publisher=Worcester, etc. |hdl=2027/mdp.39015005075109?urlappend=%3Bseq=459 |oclc=3976964 |id=[[iarchive:archaeologiaame02amer/page/423/mode/1up|archaeologiaame02amer]]|quote=But this shows the prudence and fidelity of the [[Praying Indian|Christian Indians]]; yet notwithstanding all this service they were, with others of our Christian Indians, through the harsh dealings of some English, in a manner constrained, for want of shelter, protection, and encouragement, to fall off to the enemy at [[Hassanamesit Indian Reservation|Hassanamesit]], the story whereof follows in its place; and one of them, viz. Sampson, was slain in fight, by some scouts of our praying Indians, about [[Mount Wachusett|Watchuset]]; and the other, Joseph, taken prisoner in [[Plymouth Colony]], and sold for a slave to some merchants at [[Boston]], and sent to Jamaica, but upon the importunity of [[John Eliot (missionary)|Mr. Elliot]], which the master of the vessel related to him, was brought back again, but not released. His two children taken prisoners with him were redeemed by Mr. Elliot, and afterward his wife, their mother, taken captive, which woman was a sober Christian woman and is employed to teach school among the Indians at [[Concord, Massachusetts|Concord]], and her children are with her, but her husband held as before, a servant; though several that know the said Joseph and his former carriage, have interceded for his release, but cannot obtain it; some informing authority that he had been active against the English when he was with the enemy.}}</ref><ref name="Bodge1">{{cite book |last=Bodge |first=George Madison |author-link=George Madison Bodge |year=1906 |title=Soldiers in King Philip's War: Being a Critical Account of that War, with a Concise History of the Indian Wars of New England from 1620–1677 |title-link=iarchive:soldiersinkingph1906bodg |chapter=Capt. Thomas Wheeler and his Men; with Capt. Edward Hutchinson at Brookfield |edition=Third |location=[[Boston]] |publisher=The Rockwell and Churchill Press |page=109 |lccn=08003858 |hdl=2027/bc.ark:/13960/t4hn31h3t |oclc=427544035 |quote=Sampson was killed by some English scouts near Wachuset, and Joseph was captured and sold into slavery in the West Indies.}}</ref> Captive Indigenous opponents, including women and children, were also sold into slavery at a substantial profit, to be transported to [[West Indies]] colonies.<ref name="Bodge2">{{cite book |last=Bodge |first=George Madison |author-link=George Madison Bodge |year=1906 |title=Soldiers in King Philip's War: Being a Critical Account of that War, with a Concise History of the Indian Wars of New England from 1620–1677 |title-link=iarchive:soldiersinkingph1906bodg |chapter=Appendix A |edition=Third |location=[[Boston]]|publisher=The Rockwell and Churchill Press |page=479 |lccn=08003858 |hdl=2027/bc.ark:/13960/t4hn31h3t |oclc=427544035 |quote={{smallcaps|Captives.}} The following accounts show the harsh custom of the times, and reveal a source of Colonial revenue not open to our country since that day. {{smallcaps|Account of Captives sold by Mass. Colony.}} ''August 24th, 1676.'' [[John Hull (merchant)|John Hull's]] Journal page 398.}}</ref><ref name="Winiarski2004">{{cite journal |last=Winiarski |first=Douglas L. |date=September 2004 |editor-last=Rhoads |editor-first=Linda Smith |title=A Question of Plain Dealing: Josiah Cotton, Native Christians, and the Quest for Security in Eighteenth-Century Plymouth County |url=https://scholarship.richmond.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1030&context=religiousstudies-faculty-publications |format=PDF |journal=[[The New England Quarterly]] |volume=77 |issue=3 |pages=368–413 |jstor=1559824 |oclc=5552741105 |issn=0028-4866 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322224607/https://scholarship.richmond.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1030&context=religiousstudies-faculty-publications |archive-date=22 March 2020 |url-status=live |quote=While Philip and the vast majority of hostile Natives were killed outright during the war or sold into slavery in the West Indies, the friendly Wampanoag at [[Manomet, Massachusetts|Manomet Ponds]] retained their lands.}}</ref>

===South America===
[[File:Le Tour du monde-04-p016a.jpg|thumb|A slave sale transaction in [[Rio de Janeiro]]]]

The Spanish and Portuguese colonized South America and enslaved the [[Indigenous peoples of South America|Indigenous people]]. They later enslaved Africans brought from West and Central Africa in ships by way of the Atlantic slave trade. Brazil imported 4.8 million enslaved Africans.<ref>{{cite web |title=What It Means To Be 'Black In Latin America' |url=https://www.npr.org/2011/07/27/138601410/what-it-means-to-be-black-in-latin-america |website=[[NPR]] South Carolina Public Radio |access-date=29 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726161820/https://www.npr.org/2011/07/27/138601410/what-it-means-to-be-black-in-latin-america |archive-date=26 July 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Africans who escaped slavery there formed ''[[quilombo]]s'', [[Maroons|maroon communities]] with degrees of self-governance. [[Palmares (quilombo)|Palamares]], a quilombo community, lasted for 100 years while other communities were quickly removed by the Dutch and Portuguese.<ref>{{cite web |title=The African Slave Trade and Slave Life |url=https://library.brown.edu/create/fivecenturiesofchange/chapters/chapter-2/african-slavery/ |website=[[Brown University Library]] |access-date=29 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604195902/http://library.brown.edu/create/fivecenturiesofchange/chapters/chapter-2/african-slavery/ |archive-date=4 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Werner |first1=Amy |title=The Practicality of Slavery in Latin America |journal=Constructing the Past |date=2013 |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=1–6 |url=https://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1202&context=constructing |access-date=29 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618070504/https://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1202&context=constructing |archive-date=18 June 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Newson |first1=Linda |last2=Minchin |first2=Susie |title=From Capture to Sale: The Portuguese Slave Trade to Spanish South America in the Early Seventeenth Century |date=2007 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|BRILL]] |pages=101–135 |jstor=10.1163/j.ctv29sfpzt.10 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1163/j.ctv29sfpzt.10 |access-date=29 February 2024 |archive-date=16 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216120307/https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1163/j.ctv29sfpzt.10 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Africans imported to Brazil were [[Yoruba people|Yoruba]], [[Fon people|Fon]], [[Bantu peoples|Bantu]] and others. Their religions from Africa developed into new world religions in Brazil called [[Candomblé]], [[Umbanda]], Xango, and [[Macumba]].<ref>{{cite web |title=African-Derived Religions in Brazil |url=https://rpl.hds.harvard.edu/faq/african-derived-religions-brazil#:~:text=African%2Dderived%20religions%20in%20Brazil%20include%2C%20most%20prominently%2C%20Candombl%C3%A9,identities%2C%20both%20historically%20and%20today. |website=Harvard Divinity School |publisher=[[Harvard University]] |access-date=1 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904114645/https://rpl.hds.harvard.edu/faq/african-derived-religions-brazil#:~:text=African%2Dderived%20religions%20in%20Brazil%20include%2C%20most%20prominently%2C%20Candombl%C3%A9,identities%2C%20both%20historically%20and%20today. |archive-date=4 September 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Historian Erika Edwards writes of the slave trade in Argentina: "In 1587 the first slaves arrived in [[Buenos Aires]] from Brazil. From 1580 to 1640, the main commercial activity for Buenos Aires was the slave trade. More than 70 percent of the value of all imports arriving in Buenos Aires were enslaved Africans. Slaves came primarily from Brazil via the Portuguese slave trade from [[Angola]] and other [[West Africa|western states in Africa]]. Once arriving in Buenos Aires, they could be sent as far as [[Lima|Lima, Peru]]; slaves were provided to [[Mendoza, Argentina|Mendoza]], Tucuman, and Salta Jujuy as well as to Chile, Paraguay, and what is today [[Bolivia]] and southern Peru."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Edwards |first1=Erika |title=Slavery in Argentina |url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/document/obo-9780199766581/obo-9780199766581-0157.xml |website=Oxford Bibliographies |access-date=29 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209040232/https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/document/obo-9780199766581/obo-9780199766581-0157.xml |archive-date=9 December 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Russia===
By 1802, Russian colonists noted that "Boston" (U.S.-based) skippers were trading African slaves for otter pelts with the [[Tlingit people]] in [[Southeast Alaska]].<ref name=Dauenhauer>{{Cite book |last1=Dauenhauer |first1=Nora Marks |first2=Richard |last2=Dauenhauer |first3=Lydia T. |last3=Black |title=''Anóoshi Lingít Aaní Ká'', Russians in Tlingit America: The Battles of Sitka, 1802 and 1804. |publisher=[[University of Washington Press]] |year=2008 |location=Seattle |pages=XXVI |isbn=978-0-295-98601-2}}</ref>
[[File:Atlantic Ocean slave location map by source and destination.png|thumb|upright=1.3|West Central Africa was the most common source region of Africa, and Portuguese America (Brazil) was the most common destination.]]
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right;"
|+ Distribution of slaves (1519–1867)<ref>Stephen D. Behrendt, [[W. E. B. Du Bois Institute|W. E. B. Du Bois Institute for African and African-American Research]], [[Harvard University]]. Based on "records for 27,233 voyages that set out to obtain slaves for the Americas". {{cite book |last=Behrendt |first=Stephen |title= Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience |year=1999 |publisher=Basic Civitas Books |location=New York |isbn=0-465-00071-1 |chapter=Transatlantic Slave Trade |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/africanaencyclop00appi}}</ref>
|-
!scope="col"| Destination
!scope="col"| Percent
|-
!scope="row"| [[Portuguese America]]
| 38.5%
|-
!scope="row"| [[British West Indies]]
| 18.4%
|-
!scope="row"| [[Spanish Empire]]
| 17.5%
|-
!scope="row"| [[French West Indies]]
| 13.6%
|-
!scope="row"| [[English overseas possessions#The Americas|English]]/[[British America|British North America]] / [[United States]]
| 9.7%
|-
!scope="row"| [[Dutch West Indies]]
| 2.0%
|-
!scope="row"| [[Danish West Indies]]
| 0.3%
|}
'''Notes:'''
* Before 1820, the number of enslaved Africans transported across the Atlantic to the New World was triple the number of Europeans who reached North and South American shores. At the time this was the largest oceanic [[Forced displacement|displacement or migration]] in history,<ref name="VoyagesIntro">{{cite web |url=https://slavevoyages.org/voyage/about#methodology/introduction/0/en/ |title=Understanding the Database - Methodology - Introduction |last=Eltis |first=David |author-link=openlibrary:authors/OL2767993A |year=2018 |department=Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade |work=[[Voyages: The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database]] |quote=But what is often overlooked is that, before 1820, perhaps three times as many enslaved Africans crossed the Atlantic as Europeans. This was the largest transoceanic migration of a people until that day, and it provided the Americas with a crucial labour force for their own economic development. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201211022128/https://slavevoyages.org/voyage/about#methodology/introduction/0/en/ |archive-date=11 December 2020 |access-date=11 December 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> eclipsing even the far-flung, but less-dense, expansion of [[Austronesian peoples#Geographical distribution|Austronesian]]-[[Māori migration canoes#"Great fleet" hypothesis|Polynesian]] explorers.
* The number of Africans who arrived in each region is calculated from the total number of slaves imported, about 10,000,000.<ref>Curtin, ''The Atlantic Slave Trade'', 1972, p. 88.</ref>
* Includes [[British Guiana]] and [[British Honduras]]

<gallery widths="160px" heights="130px">
File:Punishing negroes at Cathabouco, Rio de Janeiro.png|Punishing slaves at Calabouço, in [[Rio de Janeiro]], {{circa|1822}}
File:Slaves resting by Rugendas 01.jpg|Recently bought slaves in Brazil on their way to the farms of the landowners who bought them {{Circa|1830}}
File:Tropenmuseum Royal Tropical Institute Objectnumber 3581-33h Ingekleurde litho voorstellende de oo.jpg|A 19th-century lithograph showing a sugarcane plantation in Suriname
</gallery>