Editing Atlantic Ocean (section)

==== Shipping ====

===== Port infrastructure =====
With the rise of [[terrorism]] after the [[September 11 attacks]], terror attacks on port infrastructure have become increasingly likely.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maritime Security and Piracy |url=https://www.imo.org/en/ourwork/security/pages/maritimesecurity.aspx |access-date=2025-05-12 |website=www.imo.org}}</ref> As a result the International Ship and Port Facility Code of the [[International Maritime Organization]] was written. In order to detect and prevent security threats it prescribes protective measures and responsibilities to governments, shipping companies, shipboard personnel. Potential targets in ports include individual vessels, ports and terminals, shipping lines, shipbuilders, intermodal transport operators, cargo and passenger handlers, vessel traffic control, maritime administrators.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Manchenton |first=Molly |date=19 April 2023 |title=Safe Harbors: Securing Ports to Protect the Nation’s Critical Maritime Infrastructure |url=https://www.mitre.org/news-insights/impact-story/securing-ports-protect-nations-critical-maritime-infrastructure |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250315051534/https://www.mitre.org/news-insights/impact-story/securing-ports-protect-nations-critical-maritime-infrastructure |archive-date=15 March 2025 |access-date=12 May 2025 |work=Mitre}}</ref> Due to the sometimes narrowness of port entrances and shipping lanes such as the [[Suez Canal]], disruptions could cascade into far reaching supply-line issues and reduced safety. As the NotPetya incident reveals, cyber attacks can paralyze global operations by locking operators out of essential systems and stealing sensitive information.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Greenberg |first=Andy |title=The Untold Story of NotPetya, the Most Devastating Cyberattack in History |url=https://www.wired.com/story/notpetya-cyberattack-ukraine-russia-code-crashed-the-world/ |access-date=2025-05-12 |work=Wired |language=en-US |issn=1059-1028}}</ref> As a result the [[International Maritime Organization]] has passed resolution MSC.428(98) which requires shipping companies to conduct a cyber threat assessment. Similarly the European Union's [[NIS 2 Directive|NIS2 Directive]] mandates minimal cyber risk management protocols to protect critical infrastructure.<ref name="admin">{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2025-01-16 |title=Ghost Ships and Digital Vulnerabilities: A Look into Maritime Cyber Espionage |url=https://maritimafrica.com/en/ghost-ships-and-digital-vulnerabilities-a-look-into-maritime-cyber-espionage/#:~:text=By%20injecting%20false%20data%20into,to%20collisions%20or%20other%20accidents |access-date=2025-05-12 |website=Maritimafrica |language=en-US}}</ref>

===== Maritime Surveillance and Navigation Systems =====
Maritime transportation in the Atlantic heavily depends on accurate navigation provided by the [[Global Navigation Satellite System]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maritime Navigation Under Threat: GFSS spoofing |url=https://www.riskintelligence.eu/analyst-briefings/maritime-navigation-under-threat |access-date=2025-05-12 |website=Risk Intelligence |language=en-US}}</ref> Recent success of Russian [[Spoofing attack|spoofing]] of Automated Identification Systems highlights the susceptibility of navigation systems to malicious activity. Likewise, by injecting false data into the Automated Identification System attackers can make ships disappear or appear in places where they are not.<ref name="admin"/> Vulnerability in the navigation systems can lead to unintentional accidents and increased susceptibility to piracy which in the Atlantic region is particularly relevant for the [[Gulf of Guinea]] and [[Caribbean]].