Editing Anaphylaxis (section)

==History==
The conditions of anaphylaxis has been known since ancient times.<ref name="His10" /> French physician [[François Magendie]] had described how rabbits were killed by repeated injections of egg albumin in 1839.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shampo |first1=Marc A. |last2=Kyle |first2=Robert A. |date=1987 |title=François Magendie: Early French Physiologist |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0025619612654469 |journal=Mayo Clinic Proceedings |language=en |volume=62 |issue=5 |pages=412 |doi=10.1016/S0025-6196(12)65446-9|pmid=3553755 }}</ref> However, the phenomenon was discovered by two French physiologists [[Charles Richet]] and [[Paul Portier (physiologist)|Paul Portier]].<ref name=":1" /> In 1901, [[Albert I, Prince of Monaco]] requested Richet and Portier join him on a scientific expedition around the French coast of the Atlantic Ocean,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dworetzky |first1=Murray |last2=Cohen |first2=Sheldon |last3=Cohen |first3=Sheldon G. |last4=Zelaya-Quesada |first4=Myrna |date=2002 |title=Portier, Richet, and the discovery of anaphylaxis: A centennial |journal=Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology |language=en |volume=110 |issue=2 |pages=331–336 |doi=10.1016/S0091-6749(02)70118-8|pmid=12170279 |doi-access=free }}</ref> specifically to study on the toxin produced by cnidarians (like [[jellyfish]] and [[sea anemones]]).<ref name=":1">{{cite journal |last=Richet |first=Gabriel |date=2003 |title=The discovery of anaphylaxis, a brief but triumphant encounter of two physiologists (1902) |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14989211 |journal=Histoire des Sciences Médicales |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=463–469 |pmid=14989211}}</ref> Richet and Portier boarded Albert's ship ''Princesse Alice II'' for ocean exploration to make collections of the marine animals.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |last1=Androutsos |first1=G. |last2=Karamanou |first2=M. |last3=Stamboulis |first3=E. |last4=Liappas |first4=I. |last5=Lykouras |first5=E. |last6=Papadimitriou |first6=G. N. |date=2011 |title=The Nobel Prize laureate – father of anaphylaxis Charles-Robert Richet (1850–1935) and his anticancerous serum |url=https://jbuon.com/archive/16-4-783.pdf |journal=Journal of BUON |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=783–786 |pmid=22331744}}</ref>

Richet and Portier extracted a toxin called hypnotoxin from their collection of jellyfish (but the real source was later identified as [[Portuguese man o' war]])<ref>{{cite journal |last=Suput |first=Dusan |title=Interactions of Cnidarian Toxins with the Immune System |url=https://www.eurekaselect.com/article/33767 |journal=  Inflammation & Allergy - Drug Targets|year=2011 |language=en |volume=10 |issue=5 |pages=429–437 |doi=10.2174/187152811797200678|pmid=21824078 }}</ref> and sea anemone (''[[Actinia sulcata]]'').<ref name=":2">{{cite journal |last1=Boden |first1=Stephen R. |last2=Wesley Burks |first2=A. |date=2011 |title=Anaphylaxis: a history with emphasis on food allergy: Anaphylaxis: a history with emphasis on food allergy |journal=Immunological Reviews |language=en |volume=242 |issue=1 |pages=247–257 |doi=10.1111/j.1600-065X.2011.01028.x |pmc=3122150 |pmid=21682750}}</ref> In their first experiment on the ship, they injected a dog with the toxin in an attempt to immunise the dog, which instead developed a severe reaction ([[hypersensitivity]]). In 1902, they repeated the injections in their laboratory and found that dogs normally tolerated the toxin at first injection, but on re-exposure, three weeks later with the same dose, they always developed fatal shock. They also found that the effect was not related to the doses of toxin used, as even small amounts in secondary injections were lethal.<ref name=":2" /> Thus, instead of inducing tolerance ([[prophylaxis]]) which they expected, they discovered effects of the toxin as deadly.<ref>{{cite journal |last=May |first=Charles D. |date=1985 |title=The ancestry of allergy: Being an account of the original experimental induction of hypersensitivity recognizing the contribution of Paul Portier |journal=Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology |language=en |volume=75 |issue=4 |pages=485–495 |doi=10.1016/S0091-6749(85)80022-1|pmid=3884689 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

In 1902, Richet introduced the term ''aphylaxis'' to describe the condition of lack of protection. He later changed the term to ''anaphylaxis'' on grounds of [[euphony]].<ref name="His11">{{cite journal |last=Boden |first=SR |author2=Wesley Burks, A |title=Anaphylaxis: a history with emphasis on food allergy |journal=Immunological Reviews |date=July 2011 |volume=242 |issue=1 |pages=247–57 |pmid=21682750 |doi=10.1111/j.1600-065X.2011.01028.x |pmc=3122150}}, citing May CD, "The ancestry of allergy: being an account of the original experimental induction of hypersensitivity recognizing the contribution of Paul Portier", ''J Allergy Clin Immunol.'' 1985 Apr; 75(4):485–495.</ref> The term is from the [[Classical Greek|Greek]]  {{lang|grc-Grek|ἀνά-|italic=no}}, {{lang|grc-latn|ana-}}, meaning "against", and {{lang|grc-Grek|φύλαξις|italic=no}}, {{lang|grc-latn|phylaxis}}, meaning "protection".<ref name="Dict">{{cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/anaphylaxis |title=anaphylaxis |access-date=2009-11-21|publisher=Merriam-Webster |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100410192354/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/anaphylaxis |archive-date=2010-04-10}}</ref> On 15 February 1902, Richet and Portier jointly presented their findings before the ''Societé de Biologie'' in Paris.<ref>{{cite web |title=De l'action anaphylactique de certains venins {{!}} Association des amis de la Bibliothèque nationale de France |url=http://sciences.amisbnf.org/fr/livre/de-laction-anaphylactique-de-certains-venins |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=sciences.amisbnf.org}}</ref><ref name="Ring 2014 54–61">{{Citation |last1=Ring |first1=Johannes |title=Anaphylaxis |date=2014 |url=https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/358503 |journal=Chemical Immunology and Allergy |volume=100 |pages=54–61 |editor-last=Bergmann |editor-first=K.-C. |publisher=S. Karger AG |language=en |doi=10.1159/000358503 |isbn=978-3-318-02194-3 |access-date=2022-06-24 |last2=Grosber |first2=Martine |last3=Brockow |first3=Knut |last4=Bergmann |first4=Karl-Christian |pmid=24925384 |editor2-last=Ring |editor2-first=J.|doi-access=free }}</ref> The moment is regarded as the birth of allergy (the term invented by [[Clemens von Pirquet]] in 1906) study ([[allergology]]).<ref name="Ring 2014 54–61"/> Richet continued to study on the phenomenon and was eventually awarded the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] for his work on anaphylaxis in 1913.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Richet |first1=Gabriel |last2=Estingoy |first2=Pierrette |date=2003 |title=The life and times of Charles Richet |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15025138 |journal=Histoire des Sciences Médicales |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=501–513 |issn=0440-8888 |pmid=15025138}}</ref>