Editing Abortion (section)

=={{anchor|Other animals}}Non-human examples==
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{{Further|Miscarriage}}
Spontaneous abortion occurs in various animals. For example, in sheep it may be caused by stress or physical exertion, such as crowding through doors or being chased by dogs.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Spencer JB |title=Sheep Husbandry in Canada |year=1908 |page=114 |oclc=798508694 }}</ref> In cows, abortion may be caused by contagious disease, such as [[brucellosis]] or ''[[Campylobacter]]'', but can often be controlled by vaccination.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/1966/B/BeefCattleAndBeefProduction/ManagementAndHusbandryOfBeefCattle/en |title=Beef cattle and Beef production: Management and Husbandry of Beef Cattle |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of New Zealand |year=1966 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090101142401/http://www.teara.govt.nz/1966/B/BeefCattleAndBeefProduction/ManagementAndHusbandryOfBeefCattle/en |archive-date=1 January 2009  }}</ref> Eating [[pine needle]]s can also induce abortions in cows.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Myers B, Beckett J |title=Animal Health Care and Maintenance |chapter=Pine needle abortion |chapter-url=http://ag.arizona.edu/arec/pubs/rmg/4%20animalcare&healthmaintenance/31%20pineneedleabortion01.pdf |access-date=10 April 2013 |year=2001 |publisher=Arizona Cooperative Extension, University of Arizona |location=Tucson |pages=47–50 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150728003136/http://ag.arizona.edu/AREC/pubs/rmg/4%20animalcare%26healthmaintenance/31%20pineneedleabortion01.pdf |archive-date=28 July 2015  }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kim IH, Choi KC, An BS, Choi IG, Kim BK, Oh YK, Jeung EB | title = Effect on abortion of feeding Korean pine needles to pregnant Korean native cows | journal = Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research | volume = 67 | issue = 3 | pages = 194–197 | date = July 2003 | pmid = 12889725 | pmc = 227052 | publisher = Canadian Veterinary Medical Association }}</ref> Several plants, including [[Gutierrezia sarothrae|broomweed]], [[Veratrum californicum|skunk cabbage]], [[Conium maculatum|poison hemlock]], and [[Nicotiana glauca|tree tobacco]], are known to cause fetal deformities and abortion in cattle<ref name="Kirkbride">{{cite book| veditors = Njaa BL |title=Kirkbride's Diagnosis of Abortion and Neonatal Loss in Animals| year=2011| publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-95852-0}}</ref>{{rp|45–46}} and in sheep and goats.<ref name="Kirkbride"/>{{rp|77–80}} In horses, a fetus may be aborted or reabsorbed if it has [[lethal white syndrome]]. Foal embryos that are homozygous for the [[dominant white]] gene (WW) are theorized to also be aborted or [[Embryo resorption|resorbed]] before birth.<ref name=phj>{{cite web| url=http://www.painthorsejournal.com/pastissues/pdfs/byahair-mar04.pdf |title=By a Hair | vauthors = Overton R | work=Paint Horse Journal |date=March 2003 |access-date=19 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218233122/http://www.painthorsejournal.com/pastissues/pdfs/byahair-mar04.pdf |archive-date=18 February 2013}}</ref> In many species of sharks and rays, stress-induced abortions occur frequently on capture.<ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Adams KR, Fetterplace LC, Davis AR, Taylor MD, Knott NA |title=Sharks, rays and abortion: The prevalence of capture-induced parturition in elasmobranchs| journal=Biological Conservation|date=January 2018|volume=217|pages=11–27| doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2017.10.010|bibcode=2018BCons.217...11A | s2cid=90834034 |url=http://marxiv.org/k2qvy/|access-date=30 July 2019| archive-date=23 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223020619/https://marxiv.org/k2qvy/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Viral infection can cause abortion in dogs.<ref name=dogabort1>{{cite web |url = http://www.petmd.com/dog/conditions/infectious-parasitic/c_dg_canine_herpesvirus_infection |title = Herpesvirus in dog pups |publisher = petMD |access-date = 18 December 2012 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131109165216/http://www.petmd.com/dog/conditions/infectious-parasitic/c_dg_canine_herpesvirus_infection |archive-date = 9 November 2013}}</ref> Cats can experience spontaneous abortion for many reasons, including hormonal imbalance. A combined abortion and spaying is performed on pregnant cats, especially in [[trap–neuter–return]] programs, to prevent unwanted kittens from being born.<ref name=spay1>{{cite web |url = http://www.carolsferals.org/spaying-pregnant-females/ |title = Spaying Pregnant Females |publisher = Carol's Ferals |access-date = 17 December 2012 |url-status = usurped |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121118110647/http://www.carolsferals.org/spaying-pregnant-females/ |archive-date = 18 November 2012}}
</ref><ref name=spay2>{{cite web |url = http://www.petmd.com/blogs/fullyvetted/2007/may/feline-abortion-often-unnerving-necessity |title = Feline abortion: often an unnerving necessity | vauthors = Coates J |date = 7 May 2007 |publisher = petMD |access-date = 18 December 2012 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120121085850/http://www.petmd.com/blogs/fullyvetted/2007/may/feline-abortion-often-unnerving-necessity |archive-date = 21 January 2012}}</ref><ref name=spay3>{{cite web |url = http://www.carolsferals.org/spaying-pregnant-females/ |title = Feline abortion: often an unnerving necessity (Part 2) | vauthors = Khuly P |date = 1 April 2011 |publisher = petMD |access-date = 18 December 2012 |url-status = usurped |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121118110647/http://www.carolsferals.org/spaying-pregnant-females/ |archive-date = 18 November 2012}}
</ref> Female rodents may terminate a pregnancy when exposed to the smell of a male not responsible for the pregnancy, known as the [[Bruce effect]].<ref name=Schwagmeyer>{{cite journal |jstor=2460564 |pages=932–938 | vauthors = Schwagmeyer PL |title=The Bruce Effect: An Evaluation of Male/Female Advantages |volume=114 |issue=6 |journal=The American Naturalist |year=1979 |doi=10.1086/283541|bibcode=1979ANat..114..932S |s2cid=85097151 }}</ref>

Abortion may also be induced in animals, in the context of [[animal husbandry]]. For example, abortion may be induced in mares that have been mated improperly, or that have been purchased by owners who did not realize the mares were pregnant, or that are pregnant with twin foals.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jlZAT-9VwUIC |title=Equine Reproduction |page=563 | vauthors = McKinnon AO, Voss JL |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |isbn=0-8121-1427-2 |year=1993 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315091737/http://books.google.com/books?id=jlZAT-9VwUIC |archive-date=15 March 2015  }}</ref> Feticide can occur in horses and zebras due to male harassment of pregnant mares or forced copulation,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Berger J | title = Induced abortion and social factors in wild horses | journal = Nature | volume = 303 | issue = 5912 | pages = 59–61 | date = 5 May 1983 | pmid = 6682487 | doi = 10.1038/303059a0 | s2cid = 4259800 | bibcode = 1983Natur.303...59B }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Pluhácek J, Bartos L | title = Male infanticide in captive plains zebra, Equus burchelli | journal = Animal Behaviour | volume = 59 | issue = 4 | pages = 689–694 | date = April 2000 | pmid = 10792924 | doi = 10.1006/anbe.1999.1371 | url = http://af.czu.cz/~bartos/publications/pdf/Pluhacek_Bartos_2000_AB.pdf | url-status = dead | s2cid = 10961845 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110718170925/http://af.czu.cz/~bartos/publications/pdf/Pluhacek_Bartos_2000_AB.pdf | archive-date = 18 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| first1= Jan |last1 = Pluhacek |  first2 = Luděk |last2 = Bartoš |year=2005| title=Further evidence for male infanticide and feticide in captive plains zebra, ''Equus burchelli''| journal=Folia Zoologica|volume=54| issue=3|pages=258–262| url=http://www.ivb.cz/folia/54/3/258-262.pdf| url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222174717/http://www.ivb.cz/folia/54/3/258-262.pdf| archive-date=22 February 2012| access-date=12 April 2009}}</ref> although the frequency in the wild has been questioned.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors = Kirkpatrick JF, Turner JW |title=Changes in Herd Stallions among Feral Horse Bands and the Absence of Forced Copulation and Induced Abortion |journal=Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=217–19 |doi=10.1007/BF00166404 |year=1991 |jstor=4600608|bibcode=1991BEcoS..29..217K | s2cid=32756929}}</ref> Male [[gray langur]] monkeys may attack females following male takeover, causing miscarriage.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors = Agoramoorthy G, Mohnot SM, Sommer V, Srivastava A |title=Abortions in free ranging Hanuman langurs (''Presbytis entellus'')&nbsp;– a male induced strategy? |journal=Human Evolution |volume=3| issue=4| pages=297–308| year=1988 |doi=10.1007/BF02435859| s2cid=84849590}}</ref>