Editing Yorkshire (section)

==History==
{{Main|History of Yorkshire}}

===Ancient–500: Hen Ogledd===
====Early: Celtic Brigantes and Parisi====

Early inhabitants of what became Yorkshire were [[Hen Ogledd]] [[Celtic Britons|Brythonic]] [[Celts]] (old north British Celts), who formed separate tribes, the [[Brigantes]] (known to be in the north and western areas of now Yorkshire) and the [[Parisi (tribe)|Parisi]] (present-day [[East Riding of Yorkshire|East Riding]]). The Brigantes controlled territory that later became all of [[Northern England]] and more territory than most Celtic tribes on the island of [[Great Britain]]. Six of the nine Brigantian ''[[Polis|poleis]]'' described by [[Ptolemy|Claudius Ptolemaeus]] in the ''[[Geography (Ptolemy)|Geographia]]'' fall within the historic county.<ref name="brigantes">{{cite web |url=http://www.roman-britain.co.uk/tribes/brigantes/ |publisher=Roman-Britain.co.uk |title=The Brigantes |access-date=25 November 2021 |archive-date=25 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125143203/http://www.roman-britain.co.uk/tribes/brigantes/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="ptolemy">[[Ptolemy]], ''[[Geographia (Ptolemy)|Geographia]]'' [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Periods/Roman/_Texts/Ptolemy/2/1*.html 2.1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306192126/https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Periods/Roman/_Texts/Ptolemy/2/1%2A.html |date=6 March 2022 }}, [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Periods/Roman/_Texts/Ptolemy/2/2*.html 2.2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306192154/https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Periods/Roman/_Texts/Ptolemy/2/2%2A.html |date=6 March 2022 }}</ref>

The Parisi, who controlled the area that would become the East Riding, might have been related to the [[Parisii (Gaul)|Parisii]] of ''[[Lutetia]] Parisiorum'', [[Gaul]] (known today as Paris, France).<ref name="parisii">{{cite web|url=http://www.roman-britain.co.uk/tribes/parisi/|publisher=Roman-Britain.co.uk|title=The Parisii|access-date=25 November 2021|archive-date=25 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125143205/http://www.roman-britain.co.uk/tribes/parisi/|url-status=live}}</ref> Their capital was at [[Petuaria]], close to the Humber Estuary.

====43–400s: Britannia Inferior====
[[File:Constantine York Minster.jpg|thumb|left|Statue of [[Constantine I]] outside [[York Minster]].]]
Although the [[Roman conquest of Britain]] began in 43&nbsp;AD, the Brigantes remained in control of their kingdom as a [[client state]] of [[Ancient Rome|Rome]] for an extended period, reigned over by the Brigantian monarchs [[Cartimandua]] and her husband [[Venutius]]. The capital was between the north and west ridings ''[[Isurium Brigantum]]'' (near [[Aldborough, North Yorkshire|Aldborough]]) ''[[civitas]]'' under Roman rule. Initially, this situation suited both the Romans and the Brigantes, who were known as the most [[Military|militant]] tribe in Britain.<ref name="rib">{{cite web|url=http://www.romans-in-britain.org.uk/his_brigantian_uprising.htm|publisher=Romans-In-Britain.org.uk|title=Romans in Britain|access-date=25 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017195232/http://romans-in-britain.org.uk/his_brigantian_uprising.htm|archive-date=17 October 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Queen Cartimandua left Venutius for his armour bearer, [[Vellocatus]], setting off a chain of events that changed control of the region. Cartimandua's good relationship with the Romans enabled her to keep control of the kingdom; however, her former husband staged [[rebellion]]s against her and her Roman allies.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.arch.wyjs.org.uk/AdvSrv/indexRoman.asp?pg=Romanweb/Cartimandua.htm |publisher=West Yorkshire Archaeology Advisory Service |title=Cartimandua |year=2007 |access-date=3 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071009031721/http://www.arch.wyjs.org.uk/AdvSrv/indexRoman.asp?pg=Romanweb%2FCartimandua.htm |archive-date=9 October 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> At the second attempt, Venutius seized the kingdom, but the Romans, under general [[Quintus Petillius Cerialis|Petillius Cerialis]], conquered the Brigantes in 71&nbsp;AD.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.shadowdrake.com/brigit5.html| publisher=House Shadow Drake| title=The Brigantes| access-date=25 October 2007| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061021090013/http://www.shadowdrake.com/brigit5.html| archive-date=21 October 2006| url-status=dead }}</ref>

The fortified city of [[Eboracum]] (now York) was named as capital of ''[[Britannia Inferior]]'' and joint capital of all [[Roman Britain]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.vanderbilt.edu/AnS/Classics/roman_provinces/britain/image21.htm| publisher=VanderBilt.edu| title=Lower (Britannia Inferior) and Upper Britain (Britannia Superior)| access-date=24 October 2007| archive-date=2 March 2008| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080302180601/http://www.vanderbilt.edu/AnS/Classics/roman_provinces/britain/image21.htm| url-status=live}}</ref> The emperor [[Septimius Severus]] ruled the [[Roman Empire]] from Eboracum for the two years before his death.<ref name="romanfest">{{cite web| url=http://www.yorkromanfestival.com/history.htm| publisher=York Roman Festival| title=Roman York – a brief introduction to York's Roman History| access-date=25 October 2007| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071008234045/http://www.yorkromanfestival.com/history.htm| archive-date=8 October 2007| url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref>

Another emperor, [[Constantius Chlorus]], died in Eboracum during a visit in 306&nbsp;AD. Thereafter his son [[Constantine the Great]], who became renowned for his acceptance of Christianity, was proclaimed emperor in the city.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.britainexpress.com/cities/york/roman.htm| publisher=Britain Express| title=Roman York| access-date=25 October 2007| archive-date=14 October 2007| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014053119/http://britainexpress.com/cities/york/roman.htm| url-status=live}}</ref> In the early 5th century, [[End of Roman rule in Britain|Roman rule ceased]] with the withdrawal of the last active Roman troops. By this stage, the Western Empire was in intermittent decline.<ref name="romanfest" />

===500s–1000s: Germanic landings===
====500s–800s: Celtic-Anglo kingdoms of Ebrauc, Elmet, Deira and Northumbria====
After the Romans left, small Celtic kingdoms arose in the region, including the kingdoms of [[Deira]] to the east (domain of settlements near [[Malton, North Yorkshire|Malton]] on [[River Derwent, Yorkshire|Derwent]]), [[Ebrauc]] (domain of York) around the north and [[Elmet]] to the west. The latter two were successors of land south-west and north-east of the former [[Brigantia (ancient region)|Brigantia]] capital.

[[Angles (tribe)|Angles]] (hailing from southern Denmark and northern Germany, probably along with Swedish [[Geats]]<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=Beowulf and other Viking ancestors |url=https://historyofenglishpodcast.com/2014/05/06/episode-42-beowulf-and-other-viking-ancestors/ |access-date=4 July 2022 |website=History of English podcast|date=29 September 2016 }}</ref>) consolidated (merging [[History of York|Ebrauc]]) under Deira, with York as capital. This in turn was grouped with [[Bernicia]], another former [[Celtic Britons|Celtic]]-[[Brigantes]] kingdom that was north of the [[River Tees]] and had come to be headed by [[Bamburgh]], to form [[Northumbria]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsBritain/BritainEbrauc.htm|publisher=HistoryFiles.co.uk|title=Ebrauc|access-date=25 October 2007|archive-date=30 September 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930224200/http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsBritain/BritainEbrauc.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/FeaturesBritain/BritishElmet.htm|publisher=HistoryFiles.co.uk|title=Elmet|access-date=25 October 2007|archive-date=1 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091001181311/http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/FeaturesBritain/BritishElmet.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Elmet had remained independent from the [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]] Angles until some time in the early 7th century, when King [[Edwin of Northumbria]] expelled its last king, Certic, and annexed the region to his Deira region. The Celts never went away, but were assimilated. This explains the existence of many Celtic placenames in Yorkshire today, such as [[Kingston upon Hull]] and [[Pen-y-ghent]].<ref>{{cite web |title=What's in a Dales name? |url=https://www.dalesdiscoveries.com/more-inspiration/53-whats-in-a-dales-name |access-date=4 July 2022 |website=Dales Discoveries}}</ref>

As well as the Angles and Geats, other settlers included [[Frisians]] (thought to have founded [[New Fryston|Fryston]] and [[Frizinghall]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Settlers in Northumbria |url=https://www.wilcuma.org.uk/northumbria/settlers-in-northumbria/ |access-date=5 July 2022|website=Wilcuma}}</ref>), [[Danes (Germanic tribe)|Danes]], [[Franks]] and [[Huns]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Were there Huns in Anglo-Saxon England? Some thoughts on Bede, Priscus & Attila |url=https://www.caitlingreen.org/2015/07/were-there-huns-in-anglo-saxon-england.html#fn3 |access-date=5 July 2022 |website=caitlyngreen.org}}</ref>

At its greatest extent, Northumbria stretched from the [[Irish Sea]] to the [[North Sea]] and from [[Edinburgh]] down to [[Hallamshire]] in the south.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/anglosaxons/invasion/invind3.shtml|publisher=BBC|title=The Anglo-Saxons|access-date=25 October 2007|archive-date=17 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017151323/http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/anglosaxons/invasion/invind3.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref>

====800s–900s: Jórvík====
{{Main|Jórvík|l1=Kingdom of Jórvík}}'''Scandinavian York''' (also referred to as '''Jórvík''') or '''Danish/Norwegian York''' is a term used by historians for the south of [[Northumbria]] (modern-day Yorkshire) during the late 9th century and first half of the 10th century, when it was dominated by Norse warrior-kings; in particular, used to refer to [[York]], the city controlled by these kings.

Norse monarchy controlled varying amounts of Northumbria from 875 to 954, however the area was invaded and conquered for short periods by [[England]] between 927 and 954 before eventually being annexed into England in 954. It was closely associated with the much longer-lived [[Kingdom of Dublin]] throughout this period.[[File:EricBloodaxeCoin.png|thumb|right|Coin from Eric Bloodaxe's reign]]
An army of [[Danes (Germanic tribe)|Danish]] [[Vikings]], the [[Great Heathen Army]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jorvik-viking-centre.co.uk/vikings4.htm|publisher=Jorvik-Viking-Centre.co.uk|title=What Happened to Them?|access-date=25 October 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071012204846/http://www.jorvik-viking-centre.co.uk/vikings4.htm |archive-date = 12 October 2007}}</ref> as its enemies often referred to it, invaded Northumbrian territory in 866&nbsp;AD. The Danes conquered and assumed what is now York and renamed it [[Jórvík]], making it the capital city of a new Danish kingdom under the same name. The area which this kingdom covered included most of Southern Northumbria, roughly equivalent to the borders of Yorkshire extending further West.<ref name="jorvikking">{{cite web|url=http://www.viking.no/e/england/york/kingdom_of_york_m.html|publisher=Viking.no|title=The Viking Kingdom of York|date=15 April 2000|access-date=24 October 2007|archive-date=25 December 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071225081026/http://www.viking.no/e/england/york/kingdom_of_york_m.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Danes went on to conquer an even larger area of England that afterwards became known as the [[Danelaw]]; but whereas most of the Danelaw was still English land, albeit in submission to Viking overlords, it was in the [[Jórvík|Kingdom of Jórvík]] that the only truly Viking territory on mainland Britain was ever established. The Kingdom prospered, taking advantage of the vast [[Trade during the Viking Age|trading network of the Viking nations]], and established commercial ties with the [[British Isles]], North-West Europe, the [[Mediterranean]] and the Middle East.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannia.com/history/york/yorkhist4.html|publisher=Britannia.com|title=Narrative History of York: Viking Times|access-date=25 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818202555/http://www.britannia.com/history/york/yorkhist4.html|archive-date=18 August 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Founded by the Dane [[Halfdan Ragnarsson]] in 875,<ref name="vikingnorth">{{cite web|url=http://www.northeastengland.talktalk.net/VikingNorthumbria.htm|publisher=NorthEastEngland.net|title=Part Two – Jorvik and the Viking Age (866&nbsp;AD – 1066&nbsp;AD)|access-date=25 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071029182047/http://www.northeastengland.talktalk.net/VikingNorthumbria.htm|archive-date=29 October 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> ruled for the great part by Danish kings, and populated by the families and subsequent descendants of Danish Vikings, the leadership of the kingdom nonetheless passed into Norwegian hands during its twilight years.<ref name="vikingnorth" /> [[Eric Bloodaxe]], an ex-king of Norway who was the last independent Viking king of Jórvík, is a particularly noted figure in history,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/FeaturesBritain/BritishElmet.htm|publisher=HistoryFiles.co.uk|title=Eric Bloodaxe|access-date=25 October 2007|archive-date=1 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091001181311/http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/FeaturesBritain/BritishElmet.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> and his bloodthirsty approach towards leadership may have been at least partly responsible for convincing the Danish inhabitants of the region to accept English sovereignty so readily in the years that followed.

====800s–1000s: Yorkshire====

After around 100 years of its volatile existence, the Kingdom of Jorvik finally came to an end. The [[Kingdom of Wessex]] was now in its ascendancy and established its dominance over the North in general, placing Yorkshire again within [[Northumbria]], which retained a certain amount of autonomy as an almost-independent [[earl]]dom rather than a separate kingdom. The Wessex [[Kings of England]] were reputed to have respected the Norse customs in Yorkshire and left law-making in the hands of the local aristocracy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannia.com/history/york/yorkhist5.html|publisher=Britannia.com|title=Narrative History of York: Late Saxon Times|access-date=25 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080623102237/http://www.britannia.com/history/york/yorkhist5.html|archive-date=23 June 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===1000s–1400s: Normans===
====1000s–1100s: Harrying of the north====
[[File:Doomsday Book - Counties of England - 1086.png|thumb|right|The counties of England in 1086]]
In the weeks leading up to the [[Battle of Hastings]] in 1066&nbsp;AD, [[Harold Godwinson|Harold II of England]] was distracted by pushing back efforts to reinstate the kingdom of Jorvik and Danelaw. His brother [[Tostig Godwinson|Tostig]] and [[Harald Hardrada]], [[King of Norway]], having won the [[Battle of Fulford]]. The King of England marched north where the two armies met at the [[Battle of Stamford Bridge]]. Tostig and Hardrada were both killed and their army was defeated decisively.

Harold Godwinson was forced immediately to march his army south, where [[William the Conqueror]] was landing. The King was defeated in what is now known as the [[Battle of Hastings]], which led to the [[Norman conquest of England]].

The people of the North rebelled against the Normans in September 1069&nbsp;AD, enlisting [[Sweyn II of Denmark]]. They tried to take back York, but the Normans burnt it before they could.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://allabout1066.net/north_east_1069.htm| publisher=The Norman Conquest School Site| title=Resistance in the North East – 1069| access-date=3 October 2008| archive-date=26 October 2008| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081026043408/http://www.allabout1066.net/north_east_1069.htm| url-status=usurped}}</ref> What followed was the [[Harrying of the North]] ordered by William. From York to [[Durham, England|Durham]], crops, domestic animals, and farming tools were [[Scorched earth|scorched]]. Many villages between the towns were burnt and local northerners were indiscriminately murdered.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://allabout1066.net/harrying.htm| publisher=The Norman Conquest School Site| title=Harrying of the North| access-date=24 October 2007| archive-date=24 October 2008| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081024202922/http://www.allabout1066.net/harrying.htm| url-status=usurped}}</ref> During the winter that followed, families starved to death and thousands of peasants died of cold and hunger. [[Orderic Vitalis]] estimated that "more than 100,000" people from the North died from hunger.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://allabout1066.net/orderics_reaction.htm|publisher=The Norman Conquest School Site|title=Orderic's reaction|access-date=24 October 2007|archive-date=26 October 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081026043414/http://www.allabout1066.net/orderics_reaction.htm|url-status=usurped}}</ref>

[[File:YorkMinsterWest.jpg|thumb|upright=0.65|York Minster, western elevation]]
In the centuries following, many [[abbey]]s and [[priory|priories]] were built in Yorkshire. Norman landowners increased their revenues and established new towns such as [[Barnsley]], [[Doncaster]], [[Kingston upon Hull|Hull]], [[Leeds]], [[Scarborough, North Yorkshire|Scarborough]] and [[Sheffield]], among others. Of towns founded before the conquest, only [[Bridlington]], [[Pocklington]], and [[York]] continued at a prominent level.<ref name="rulocal">{{cite web| url=http://www.localhistories.org/yorkshire.html| publisher=LocalHistories.org| title=Yorkshire| access-date=24 October 2007| archive-date=15 September 2007| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070915105318/http://www.localhistories.org/Yorkshire.html| url-status=live}}</ref>

In the early 12th century, people of Yorkshire had to contend with the [[Battle of the Standard]] at [[Northallerton]] with the [[Scottish people|Scots]]. Representing the [[Kingdom of England]] led by [[Thurstan|Archbishop Thurstan of York]], soldiers from Yorkshire defeated the more numerous Scots.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.britainexpress.com/History/battles/standard.htm| publisher=Britain Express| title=The Battle of the Standard| access-date=25 October 2007| archive-date=30 September 2007| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930155253/http://www.britainexpress.com/History/battles/standard.htm| url-status=live}}</ref>

====1300s: Scottish War of Independence and Mass Deaths====

The population of Yorkshire boomed until it was hit by the [[Great Famine of 1315–1317|Great Famine]] of 1315.<ref name="rulocal" /> It did not help that after the English defeat in the [[Battle of Bannockburn]] in 1314, the Scottish army rampaged throughout northern England, and Yorkshire was no exception. During [[The Great Raid of 1322]], they raided and pillaged from the suburbs of York, even as far as East Riding and the Humber. Some, like Richmond, had to bribe the Scots to spare the town. The [[Black Death]] then reached Yorkshire by 1349, killing around a third of the population.<ref name="rulocal" />

===1400s–1600s: Royal revolts===
====1400s: Wars of the Roses====
{{Further|House of York|Wars of the Roses}}
[[File:King Richard III from NPG.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|right|Yorkist king [[Richard III of England|Richard III]] grew up at [[Middleham Castle|Middleham]].<ref name="middleham">{{cite web|url=http://www.richard111.com/middleham_castle.htm|publisher=RichardIII.com|title=Middleham Castle|access-date=24 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070813160526/http://www.richard111.com/middleham_castle.htm|archive-date=13 August 2007|url-status=dead }}</ref>]]
When King [[Richard II of England|Richard II]] was overthrown in 1399, antagonism between the [[House of York]] and the [[House of Lancaster]], both branches of the royal [[House of Plantagenet]], began to emerge. Eventually the two houses fought for the throne of England in a series of civil wars, commonly known as the [[Wars of the Roses]]. Some of the battles took place in Yorkshire, such as those at [[Battle of Wakefield|Wakefield]] and [[Battle of Towton|Towton]], the latter of which is known as the bloodiest battle ever fought on English soil.<ref>{{cite book | last = Gravett | first = Christopher | author-link = Christopher Gravett | title = Towton 1461: England's Bloodiest Battle | publisher = [[Osprey Publishing]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=-UlMBQYccEMC&q=towton+bloodiest | isbn = 978-0-415-09378-1 | year = 1999 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Richard III of England|Richard III]] was the last Yorkist king.

[[Henry VII of England|Henry Tudor]], sympathiser to the House of Lancaster, defeated and killed Richard at the [[Battle of Bosworth Field]]. He then became King [[Henry VII of England|Henry VII]] and married [[Elizabeth of York]], daughter of Yorkist [[Edward IV]], ending the wars.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://metamedia.stanford.edu/projects/MichaelShanks/1877|publisher=Stanford.edu|title=Yorkists|access-date=24 October 2007}}{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The two roses of white and red, emblems of the Houses of York and Lancaster respectively, were combined to form the [[Tudor Rose]] of England.{{efn|Though the [[Wars of the Roses]] were fought between royal houses bearing the names of York and Lancaster, the wars took place over a wide area of England. They were a dynastic clash between cadet branches of the [[House of Plantagenet]]. The most prominent family in Yorkshire, below the monarchy, the Nevilles of [[Sheriff Hutton]] and [[Middleham]], fought for the Yorkists, as did the Scropes of [[Bolton, East Riding of Yorkshire|Bolton]], the Latimers of [[Danby, North Yorkshire|Danby]] and [[Snape, North Yorkshire|Snape]], as well as the Mowbrays of [[Thirsk]] and [[Burton in Lonsdale]]. Yet some fought for the Lancastrians, such as the Percies, the Cliffords of [[Skipton]], Ros of [[Helmsley]], Greystock of [[Henderskelfe]], Stafford of [[Holderness]], and Talbot of [[Sheffield]].}}<ref>{{cite book| last =Hey | first = David | title =History of Yorkshire: County of the Broad Acres|publisher=Carnegie Publishing| isbn = 1-85936-122-6| year =2005}}</ref> This rivalry between the royal houses of York and Lancaster has passed into popular culture as a rivalry between the counties of Yorkshire and [[Lancashire]], particularly in sport (for example the [[Roses Match]] played in [[County Cricket]]), although the House of Lancaster was based in York and the House of York in London.

====1500: Catholic–Protestant dissolution====
The [[English Reformation]] began under [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]] and the [[Dissolution of the Monasteries]] in 1536 led to a popular uprising known as [[Pilgrimage of Grace]], started in Yorkshire as a protest. Some [[Catholic Church|Catholics]] in Yorkshire continued to practise their religion and those caught were executed during the reign of [[Elizabeth I of England|Elizabeth I]]. One such person was a York woman named [[Margaret Clitherow]] who was later [[canonisation|canonised]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04059b.htm|encyclopedia=[[Catholic Encyclopedia]]|title=St. Margaret Clitherow|access-date=25 November 2007|archive-date=11 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011194024/http://newadvent.org/cathen/04059b.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

====1600s: Civil war====
[[File:Eboracum Atlas.jpg|thumb|168x168px|Hand-drawn map of Yorkshire by Christopher Saxton from 1576]]
During the [[English Civil War]], which started in 1642, Yorkshire had divided loyalties; [[Kingston upon Hull|Hull]] (full name [[Kingston upon Hull]]) famously shut the gates of the city on the king when he came to enter a few months before fighting began, while the [[North Riding of Yorkshire]] in particular was strongly [[Cavalier|royalist]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/humber/content/articles/2005/07/20/coast05walks_stage8.shtml|publisher=[[BBC]]|title=Seeds of the English Civil War|access-date=25 November 2007|archive-date=25 July 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100725101042/http://www.bbc.co.uk/humber/content/articles/2005/07/20/coast05walks_stage8.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title = Historic Cleveland – Timeline| url = http://www.historic-cleveland.co.uk/timeline/timelineIndex.php| publisher = Historic-Cleveland.co.uk| access-date = 25 November 2007| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071130064734/http://historic-cleveland.co.uk/timeline/timelineIndex.php| archive-date = 30 November 2007| url-status = dead }}</ref> York was the base for Royalists, and from there they captured Leeds and [[Wakefield]] only to have them recaptured a few months later. The royalists won the [[Battle of Adwalton Moor]] meaning they controlled Yorkshire (with the exception of Hull). From their base in Hull the Parliamentarians ("Roundheads") fought back, re-taking Yorkshire town by town, until they won the [[Battle of Marston Moor]] and with it control of all of the [[North of England]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.british-civil-wars.co.uk/military/1644-york-march-marston-moor.htm|publisher=British-Civil-Wars.co.uk|title=The York March and Marston Moor|access-date=25 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228033814/http://british-civil-wars.co.uk/military/1644-york-march-marston-moor.htm|archive-date=28 February 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===1500s–1900s: Industry===
====1500-1600s: Explorative growth====

In the 16th and 17th centuries Leeds and other wool-industry-centred towns continued to grow, along with Huddersfield, Hull and Sheffield, while coal mining first came into prominence in the [[West Riding of Yorkshire]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.num.org.uk/?p=history&c=num|publisher=NUM.org.uk|title=History of the NUM: 1 – Towards A National Union|access-date=25 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080419080240/http://www.num.org.uk/?p=history&c=num|archive-date=19 April 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[wool]] textile industry, which had previously been a cottage industry, centred on the old market towns moved to the [[West Riding of Yorkshire|West Riding]] where entrepreneurs were building mills that took advantage of water power gained by harnessing the rivers and streams flowing from the [[Pennines]]. The developing [[textile industry]] helped [[Wakefield]] and [[Halifax, West Yorkshire|Halifax]] grow.<ref name="woolindustry">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/making_history/makhist10_prog13a.shtml|publisher=[[BBC]]|title=William Hirst – Leeds woollen industry pioneer|access-date=25 November 2007|archive-date=30 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080630051913/http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/making_history/makhist10_prog13a.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref>

====1800s: Victorian revolution====
[[File:Leeds Dark Arches June 2013-TJBlackwell.webm|thumb|These tunnels were built in the 1800s to channel the [[River Aire]] under [[Leeds railway station]].]]
The 19th century saw Yorkshire's continued growth, with the population growing and the [[Industrial Revolution]] continuing with prominent industries in coal, textile and steel (especially in [[Sheffield]], [[Rotherham]] and [[Middlesbrough]]). However, despite the booming industry, living conditions declined in the industrial towns due to overcrowding. This saw bouts of [[cholera]] in both 1832 and 1848.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thoresby.org.uk/history.htm|publisher=Thoresby.org.uk|title=The Historical Society for Leeds and District|access-date=25 November 2007|archive-date=29 December 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071229103015/http://www.thoresby.org.uk/history.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> However, advances were made by the end of the century with the introduction of modern [[Sanitary sewer|sewers]] and [[Water supply|water supplies]]. Several [[Yorkshire railways|Yorkshire railway]] networks were introduced as railways spread across the country to reach remote areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nrm.org.uk/|publisher=NRM.org.uk|title=National Railway Museum, York|access-date=25 November 2007|archive-date=25 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110225213233/http://nrm.org.uk/|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Number 4468 Mallard in York.jpg|thumb|The [[London and North Eastern Railway|LNER]] Class A4 4468 ''[[LNER Class A4 4468 Mallard|Mallard]]'' built in [[Doncaster]] is the current confirmed record holder as the fastest steam locomotive at {{convert|203|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} on 3 July 1938.]]

Canals and [[Turnpike trust|turnpike]] roads were introduced in the late 18th century. In the following century the [[spa town]]s of [[Harrogate]] and [[Scarborough, North Yorkshire|Scarborough]] flourished, due to people believing [[mineral water]] had curative properties.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.great-britain.co.uk/regions/yorkshire/harrogat.htm|publisher=Great-British.co.uk|title=Harrogate, Yorkshire Spa town|access-date=25 November 2007|archive-date=13 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013122243/http://www.great-britain.co.uk/regions/yorkshire/harrogat.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

When elected county councils were established in 1889, rather than have a single Yorkshire County Council, each of the three ridings was made an [[Administrative counties of England|administrative county]] with its own county council, and the eight larger towns and cities of Bradford, Halifax, Huddersfield, Hull, Leeds, Middlesbrough, Sheffield and York were made [[county borough]]s, independent from the county councils.<ref name=1888act>{{cite legislation UK|type=act|act=Local Government Act 1888|year=1888|chapter=41|access-date=9 March 2024|mode=cs1}}</ref>

====Twentieth century to present====
During the [[Second World War]], Yorkshire became an important base for [[RAF Bomber Command]] and brought the county and its productive industries into the cutting edge of the war, and thus in the targets of [[Luftwaffe]] [[Hull Blitz|bombers]] during the [[Battle of Britain]].<ref>{{cite book | first= Bruce Barrymore |last=Halpenny |author-link=Bruce Barrymore Halpenny| title = Action Stations: Military Airfields of Yorkshire v. 4 | year = 1982 | publisher = PSL | isbn = 978-0-85059-532-1 }}</ref>

From the late 20th century onwards there have been a number of significant reforms of the local government structures covering Yorkshire, notably in 1968, 1974, 1986, 1996 and 2023, discussed in the [[#Governance|governance]] section below. For most administrative purposes the county had been divided since the Middle Ages; the last county-wide administrative role was the [[Sheriff of Yorkshire]]. The sheriff had been a powerful position in the Middle Ages but gradually lost most of its functions, and by the twentieth century was a largely ceremonial role. It was abolished as part of the 1974 reforms to local government, which established instead [[high sheriff]]s for each modern county.<ref name=1972act/>