Editing Yeast extract (section)

==Use in food==
{{More citations needed|section|date=August 2021}} 
Yeast autolysates are the main ingredient  in [[AussieMite]], [[Mightymite]], [[Vegemite]], [[Marmite]], [[Marmite (New Zealand)|New Zealand Marmite]], [[Promite]], [[Cenovis]], [[Vitam-R]], Brazilian Cenovit and [[Maggi|''Maggi seasoning'']].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.express.co.uk/life-style/food/720656/marmite-shortage-yeast-extract-spread-alternatives|title=Having a Marmite CRISIS? Here are the tasty alternatives (and it doesn't involve Bovril)|last=Frawley|first=Francesca|date=2016-10-13|work=Express.co.uk|access-date=2018-04-05|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/life-style/food-wine/91922882/vegemite-marmite-promite--which-is-best|title=Vegemite, Marmite, Promite - which is best?|website=Stuff|date=29 April 2017|language=en|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2002/jan/04/advertising.foodanddrink|title=100 years of Marmite|last=Barton|first=Laura|date=2002-01-04|website=The Guardian|language=en|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> [[Bovril]] ([[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] and the [[United Kingdom]]) switched from beef extract to yeast extract for 2005 and most of 2006, but later switched back.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2004/nov/19/foodanddrink|title=Bovril drops the beef to go vegetarian|last=Wainwright|first=Martin|date=2004-11-19|website=The Guardian|language=en|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref>

Yeast extract is used as a flavoring in foods. It is a common ingredient in American barbecue-flavored [[potato chip]]s such as [[Lay's]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Lay's Barbecue Flavor Potato Chips Ingredients |url=https://www.fritolay.com/snacks/product-page/lays/lays-barbecue-flavored-potato-chips |access-date=7 June 2018}}</ref> It is also widely used in [[soup base]]s.

===Marmite===
{{main|Marmite}}
[[File:Marmite.jpg|thumb|right|Marmite]]
Marmite ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|ɑr|m|aɪ|t}} {{respell|MAR|myte}}) is a British [[Spread (food)|food spread]] produced by [[Unilever]]. Marmite has been produced since 1902. It is a sticky, dark brown [[Paste (food)|food paste]] with a distinctive, powerful flavour, which is extremely salty. This distinctive taste is represented in the marketing slogan: "Love it or hate it." Such is its prominence in [[British popular culture]] that the product's name is often used as a metaphor for something that is an [[acquired taste]] or tends to polarise opinions.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/mind-your-language/2010/apr/22/marmite-journalism-mind-your-language |title=How Marmite spread its way through journalism |first=Amelia |last=Hodsdon |date=22 April 2010 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=26 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Marmite: Americans wonder what's all the fuss over divisive British spread? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2016/oct/13/what-is-marmite-british-food-spread-tesco |first=Adam |last=Gabbatt |date=13 October 2016 |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=16 March 2017}}</ref>

In [[Australasia]] and the Pacific, British Marmite is sold as "Our Mate", due to the presence of a licensed Marmite produced in New Zealand.

===Vegemite===
{{main|Vegemite}}
[[File:Vegemite (15908411205).jpg|thumb|right]]
Vegemite ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|v|ɛ|dʒ|ɪ|m|aɪ|t}} {{respell|VEJ|i|myte}})<ref>''[[Macquarie Dictionary|Macquarie Dictionary, Fourth Edition]]'' (2005). Melbourne, The Macquarie Library Pty Ltd. {{ISBN|1-876429-14-3}}</ref><ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/vegemite vegemite]. ''Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1)''. Random House. 4 May 2009.</ref> is a thick, dark brown Australian food spread made from leftover [[brewers' yeast]] extract with various vegetable and spice [[Food additive|additives]]. It was developed by [[Cyril Percy Callister]] in [[Melbourne]], Victoria, in 1922. The Vegemite brand was owned by [[Mondelez International]] (formerly [[Kraft Foods Inc.]])<ref name="Story">[http://www.kraftbrands.com/kraftvegemite/Pages/the-vegemite-story.aspx "The Vegemite Story"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319054956/http://www.kraftbrands.com/kraftvegemite/Pages/the-vegemite-story.aspx |date=19 March 2012 }}. Kraft Foods.</ref> until January 2017, when it was acquired by the Australian [[Bega Cheese]] group in a {{US$|460000000|2017|about=yes|round=-6}} agreement for full Australian ownership after Bega would buy most of Mondelez International's Australia and New Zealand grocery and cheese business.<ref name=bega>{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-01-19/bega-buys-vegemite-mondelez/8193268|title=Vegemite bought by Bega from US food giant Mondelez International – ABC Rural – ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) |newspaper=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC]] News|date=19 January 2017|access-date=19 January 2017|last1=Beilharz |first1=Nikolai }}</ref>

A [[Spread (food)|spread]] for sandwiches, toast, [[crumpets]] and [[cracker (food)|cracker biscuits]] as well as a filling for pastries, Vegemite is similar to [[Marmite|British Marmite]], [[Marmite (New Zealand)|New Zealand Marmite]], Australian [[Promite]], [[Three Threes Condiments|MightyMite]], [[AussieMite]], OzEmite, Brazilian Cenovit, German [[Vitam-R]] and Swiss [[Cenovis]].

Vegemite is salty, slightly bitter, [[malt]]y, and rich in [[glutamates]] giving it an [[umami]] flavour similar to [[Bouillon cube|beef bouillon]]. It is [[Veganism|vegan]], [[kosher]] and [[halal]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vegemite.com.au/faqs/|title=FAQs - Start with VEGEMITE|website=vegemite.com.au|access-date=21 November 2018}}</ref>

=== Marmite (New Zealand) ===
{{Main|Marmite (New Zealand)}}
[[File:Marmite Returns to New Zealand.jpg|thumb|right]]
Marmite ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|ɑr|m|aɪ|t}} {{respell|MAR|myte}}) is a [[Spread (food)|food spread]] produced in New Zealand by [[Sanitarium Health and Wellbeing Company]] and distributed in Australia and the Pacific. It is similar to the British [[Marmite]], but the two products are made by different companies. This is the only product sold as Marmite in [[Australasia]] and the Pacific, whereas elsewhere in the world the British version predominates. In the rest of the world it is sold as "NZ-Mite".

Marmite has been manufactured in New Zealand since 1919. The product's popularity in England prompted the Sanitarium Health Food Company to obtain sole rights to distribute the product in New Zealand and Australia in 1908. They later began manufacturing Marmite under licence in [[Christchurch]], albeit using a modified version of the original recipe, most notable for its inclusion of sugar and caramel. Common ingredients are also slightly different quantities from the British version; the New Zealand version has high levels of [[potassium]], for example. New Zealand Marmite is described as having a "weaker" or "less tangy" flavour than the British version.

===Vitam-R===
{{Infobox food
| name = Vitam-R
| image = File:A jar of Vitam-R yeast paste.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| image_alt = A jar of Vitam-R
| caption = 
| alternate_name = 
| type = Yeast spread
| course = 
| place_of_origin = [[Germany]]
| region = 
| creator = <!-- or | creators = -->
| year = 1925
| main_ingredient = Yeast extract
| variations = Kräuter (Herbs)
| serving_size = 100
| calories = 223
| calories_ref =
| protein = 29.8
| fat = 0.3
| carbohydrate =  25.1
| glycemic_index = 
| similar_dish = [[Marmite]], [[Vegemite]]
| other = 
}}
Vitam-R is a [[Umami|savory]] yeast extract spread made in [[Hameln]], Germany, by the company Vitam Hefe-Produkt GmbH. It was first developed by Rückforth AG in [[Stettin]] (today's [[Szczecin]], Poland) in 1925,<ref name="Bio">{{cite web
 |url= https://bio-markt.info/berichte/64-Vitam.html
 |title= Vitam: Mit Hefe-Extrakt zum Welthersteller
 |date= 2009-09-01
 |website= Bio-markt.info
 |publisher= Bio-Markt.info: Das Nachrichtenportal der Naturkostbranche
 |access-date= 2018-09-12
 |quote= Beispielhaft für den wissensbezogenen Wandel der Vermarktung steht Vitam-R, ein Hefeextrakt, der Ende der 1920er Jahre als »Fleischextrakt des Vegetariers«39 vermarktet wurde. Das Präparat wurde 1925 von der Stettiner Rückforth AG...
 |archive-date= 20 September 2018
 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180920081129/https://bio-markt.info/berichte/64-Vitam.html
 |url-status= dead
 }}</ref><ref name="Spiekermann2018">{{cite book|author=Uwe Spiekermann|title=Künstliche Kost: Ernährung in Deutschland, 1840 bis heute|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j0FbDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA407|date=14 May 2018|publisher=Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht|isbn=978-3-647-31719-9|pages=407–}}</ref> following the discovery by [[Justus von Liebig]] that yeast could be concentrated.<ref name=Boulton>{{cite book|editor-last1=Boulton|editor-first1=Chris|title=Encyclopedia of brewing|date=2012|publisher=Wiley|location=Weinheim|isbn=978-1-4051-6744-4|page=394|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uWXcajHd3W0C&pg=PA394|access-date=4 November 2014}}</ref> It is sometimes described as having a smoother flavour than similar products such as [[Marmite]],<ref name="DW">{{cite web
 |url= https://www.dw.com/en/tesco-takes-marmite-off-virtual-shelves-amid-brexit-price-hikes/a-36028455
 |title= Tesco takes Marmite off virtual shelves amid Brexit price hikes
 |date= 2016-10-12
 |website= dw.com
 |publisher= [[Deutsche Welle]]
 |access-date= 2018-09-12
 |quote= But if Marmite stays off the shelves, Germany could have an answer. A company in Hameln has been making Vitam-R yeast spread since the 1920s. It may not have the same cachet as Marmite, but its smoother taste has a cult following among health food aficionados. But it, too, has become more expensive to import to Britain - even if, after Brexit, it will by default become the leading brand in the EU.}}</ref> [[Vegemite]], or [[Cenovis]].  Unlike those brands, Vitam-R is not an iconic part of its home country's [[German cuisine|cuisine]], but it, too, is described as having a love-it-or-hate-it flavour.<ref name="Helmberger2018">{{cite book|author=Angela Helmberger|title=Glücklich trotz Unverträglichkeiten: Rotationsdiät: Bauchschmerzen und Nahrungsmittelunverträglichkeiten dauerhaft lindern – Reizdarm und chronisch entzündlichen Darmerkrankungen vorbeugen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ABVfDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT104|date=24 May 2018|publisher=tredition|isbn=978-3-7469-4482-1|pages=104–}}</ref> It is both [[vegan]] and by extension, [[vegetarian]], and is sold primarily in [[Reformhaus]] health-food stores.<ref name="Bio"/>
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===Cenovis===
{{main|Cenovis}}
[[File:Cenovis.jpg|thumb|right|Cenovis on bread, with jar in the background]]
Cenovis is a product based on yeast extract that is similar to Marmite and Vegemite, rich in [[thiamine|vitamin B<sub>1</sub>]].  In the form of a dark brown food paste, it is used to flavour soups, sausages and salads.  The most popular way to consume Cenovis, however, is to spread it on a slice of buttered bread, as stated on the product's packaging (it can also be blended directly into butter, and then spread on bread, or used as a filling in croissants and buns).

Cenovis is popular in [[Switzerland]] (particularly [[Romandie]]).  It was developed in [[Rheinfelden District|Rheinfelden]] in 1931, on the initiative of a master brewer named Alex Villinger,<ref name=cenovis>{{cite web |url=http://www.cenovis.ch/fr/tradition/ |title=Lorsqu'on allie la saveur à la santé ... |trans-title=When one combines flavour with health... |publisher=Cenovis.ch |date=1999 |access-date=2011-02-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110309124452/http://www.cenovis.ch/fr/tradition/ |archive-date=2011-03-09 }} (French)</ref> and was subsequently produced by the company Cenovis SA.
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