Editing Wishram, Washington (section)

==History==
[[File:Wishram from above-July 2011.jpg|thumb|Wishram as seen from above. Note the rail bridge across the Columbia River in the west and [[Mount Hood]] in the distance.]]
[[File:BNSF GE Dash-9 at Wishram.jpg|thumb|Wishram railway yard with a BNSF freight train with Oregon cliffs and [[Mount Hood]] in the background.]]
The area of Wishram was located {{convert|1/2|mi|km|1}} above the head of the great [[Celilo Falls]] on the Columbia, and as a result has been populated for an extended period. For around 15,000 years, [[Native Americans in the United States|native peoples]] gathered to fish and exchange goods.<ref>{{cite book | last = Barber | first = Katrine |author2=Ed. William G. Robbins  | chapter=Narrative Fractures and Fractured Narratives: Celilo Falls in the Columbia Gorge Discovery Center and the Yakama Nation Cultural Heritage Center | title = The Great Northwest: The Search for Regional Identity | publisher = Oregon State University Press | place = Corvallis, Oregon | year = 2001}}</ref> They built wooden platforms out over the water and caught [[salmon]] with [[dipnet]]s and long spears on poles as the fish swam up through the rapids and jumped over the falls.<ref>{{cite book | last = Dietrich | first = William | title = Northwest Passage: The Great Columbia River | publisher = University of Washington Press | place = Seattle, WA | year = 1995 | page = 154 | isbn = 0-671-79650-X}}</ref> Celilo Falls and The Dalles were strategically located at the border between [[Chinookan languages|Chinookan]] and [[Sahaptian]]-speaking peoples and served as the center of an extensive trading network across the Pacific Plateau.<ref name="Ronda">{{cite book |last=Ronda |first=James P. |author-link1=James Ronda |title=Lewis & Clark among the Indians |url=https://archive.org/details/lewisclarkamongt00jame |chapter=Down the Columbia |chapter-url=https://lewisandclarkjournals.unl.edu/item/lc.sup.ronda.01.07 |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |place=Lincoln, Nebraska |year=1984 |access-date=6 May 2019 |isbn=0-8032-3870-3 |url-access=registration }}</ref> It was noted by early explorers and historians of the area.<ref name=FWP>''Washington: A Guide to the Evergreen State'', Federal Writers' Project - Page 397</ref>

In 1892 the U.S. government completed a set of [[lock (water navigation)|locks]] to bypass Celilo Falls on the southern shore, across from Wishram. Built at a cost of $5,000,000, these locks saw limited service as much of the freight in and out of the Pacific Northwest began to travel by rail.<ref name=FWP/>

In 1912 the unincorporated town was known as "Fallbridge", named in recognition of the southern extension of the [[Spokane, Portland and Seattle Railway]], which crossed the Columbia on the [[Oregon Trunk Rail Bridge]] constructed on the basalt rock of Celilo Falls.<ref>''Railway Age Gazette'', Volume 52, March 22, 1912</ref>

===Lewis and Clark===
[[Lewis and Clark]] mentioned the site of Wishram in their journal. In his journal for October 22, 1805, Clark recorded:<ref name=clark>{{cite book |title= The Journals of Lewis and Clark |last= Lewis  |author2=Clark  |year= 1836 |publisher= Project Gutenberg EBook| url=http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/8419/pg8419.html |access-date=31 July 2011 }}</ref>
<blockquote>"below this Island on the main Stard Shore is 16 Lodges of nativs; here we landed a fiew minits to Smoke, the lower point of one Island opposite which heads in the mouth of Towarnehiooks River ([[Deschutes River (Oregon)|Deschutes River]]) which I did not observe until after passing these lodges about 1/2 a mile lower passed 6 more Lodges on the Same Side and 6 miles below the upper mouth of Towarnehiooks River the commencement of the pitch of the Great falls, opposite on the Stard. Side (Starboard or right side) is 17 Lodges [archaeologists have identified this as modern Wishram<ref>Strong, William Duncan, William Egbert Schenck, Julian Haynes Steward, ''Archaeology of the Dalles-Deschutes Region'', Volume 29. University of California Press, 1930</ref>] of the nativs we landed and walked down accompanied by an old man to view the falls, and the best rout for to make a portage which we Soon discovered was much nearest on the Stard. Side, and the distance 1200 yards one third of the way on a rock, about 200 yards over a loose Sand collected in a hollar blown by the winds from the bottoms below which was disagreeable to pass, as it was Steep and loose. at the lower part of those rapids we arrived at 5 Large Lodges of nativs drying and prepareing fish for market, they gave us Philburts, and berries to eate, we returned droped down to the head of the rapids and took every article except the Canoes across the portag where I had formed a camp on ellegable Situation for the protection of our Stores from Thieft, which we were more fearfull of, than their arrows. we despatched two men to examine the river on the opposite Side, and reported that the Canoes could be taken down a narrow Chanel on the opposite Side after a Short portage at the head of the falls, at which place the Indians take over their Canoes. Indians assisted us over the portage with our heavy articles on their horses, the waters is divided into Several narrow chanels which pass through a hard black rock forming Islands of rocks at this Stage of the water, on those Islands of rocks as well as at and about their Lodges I observe great numbers of Stacks of pounded Salmon neetly preserved in the following manner, i e after Suffiently Dried it is pounded between two Stones fine, and put into a species of basket neetly made of grass and rushes of better than two feet long and one foot Diamiter, which basket is lined with the Skin of Salmon Stretched and dried for the purpose, in theis it is pressed down as hard as is possible, when full they Secure the open part with the fish Skins across which they fasten tho the loops of the basket that part very Securely, and then on a Dry Situation they Set those baskets the Corded part up, their common Custom is to Set 7 as close as they can Stand and 5 on the top of them, and secure them with mats which is raped around them and made fast with cords and Covered also with mats, those 12 baskets of from 90 to 100 w. each form a Stack. thus preserved those fish may be kept Sound and Sweet Several years, as those people inform me, Great quantities as they inform us are Sold to the whites people who visit the mouth of this river as well as to the nativs below."<ref name=clark/></blockquote>

By the time they returned on April 16, 1806, they reported the village had moved about 300 yards below the spot where it had been located the previous fall, and tended to move with the favored fishing locations.<ref name=Boyd>Boyd, Robert Thomas, ''People of The Dalles: The Indians of Wascopam Mission''. University of Nebraska Press, 1996</ref>

===Early history===
The American author [[Washington Irving]] also mentioned the Native Americans resident at Wishram in his history of the Northwest titled ''Astoria or, Anecdotes of an Enterprise Beyond the Rocky Mountains'' and published in 1836. He stated:
<blockquote>"For like reason we would make especial mention of the village of Wishram, at the head of the Long Narrows, as being a solitary instance of an aboriginal trading mart, or emporium. Here the salmon caught in the neighboring rapids were 'warehoused,' to await customers. Hither the tribes from the mouth of the Columbia repaired with the fish of the sea-coast, the roots, berries, and especially the [[Sagittaria|wappatoo]], gathered in the lower parts of the river, together with goods and trinkets obtained from the ships which casually visit the coast. Hither also the tribes from the [[Rocky Mountains]] brought down horses, [[Xerophyllum tenax|bear-grass]], [[Camassia quamash|quamash]], and other commodities of the interior. The merchant fishermen at the falls acted as middlemen or factors, and passed the objects of traffic, as it were, cross-handed; trading away part of the wares received from the mountain tribes to those of the rivers and plains, and vice versa: their packages of pounded salmon entered largely into the system of barter, and being carried off in opposite directions, found their way to the savage hunting camps far in the interior, and to the casual white traders who touched upon the coast."<ref>{{cite book |title= Astoria |last= Irving |first= Washington |year= 1836 |publisher= Project Gutenberg |chapter= Chapter X|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/1371/1371-h/1371-h.htm |access-date=31 July 2011 }}</ref></blockquote>

Wishram is extensively mentioned in regional histories and travelogues of the early 19th century. Visitors included [[Thomas J. Farnham|Thomas Farnham]], [[Hudson's Bay Company]] Governor [[George Simpson (HBC administrator)|Sir George Simpson]], [[Alexander Ross (fur trader)|Alexander Ross]], [[Pierre-Jean De Smet|Father Pierre De Smet]] and Joseph Drayton's party of the [[Wilkes Expedition]], among others. Ross reported that at Wishram the summer encampments when the salmon were running could swell to 3,000 natives. Father De Smet described it as a glorious time of rejoicing, gambling and feasting.<ref name=Boyd/>

There have been village sites at the Wishram location for millennia. Archeologists in the 1950s identified a multilevel site with centuries of waste accumulated in middens as well as [[petroglyph]]s and other indications of dense population. Most of the densely populated areas were close to the river and convenient to fishing. This lower area was flooded in 1957 by water backed up behind [[The Dalles Dam]].<ref name=Boyd/>
[[File:Wishram Monument-July 2011.jpg|thumb|The pioneer memorial raised in 1926.]]

In 1926 a pioneer memorial was raised at Wishram/Fallbridge. Still located in its original position {{convert|100|ft}} east of the passenger train station today, it consists of two columns of basalt bound together with iron straps and mounted on a pedestal. A bronze plaque recognizing various pioneers who have been to Wishram begins with Meriwether Lewis and ends with [[John C. Fremont]]. It originally marked the beginning of a {{convert|1/2|mi|km|adj=on|1}} path from that monument to Celilo Falls; that path is now covered by the backwaters from The Dalles Dam.<ref name=FWP/>

===Wishram/Fallbridge as a rail center===
The [[Spokane, Portland and Seattle Railway]] was chartered in 1905 by [[James J. Hill]] for the purposes of connecting the two transcontinental railroads owned by him, the [[Northern Pacific Railway|Northern Pacific]] and [[Great Northern Railway (U.S.)|Great Northern]], to [[Portland, Oregon]] from [[Spokane, Washington]], in order to gain a portion of the lumber trade in Oregon, a business that at the time was dominated by [[E. H. Harriman]]'s [[Union Pacific Railroad|Union Pacific]] and [[Southern Pacific Transportation Company|Southern Pacific]] railroads. Construction began in 1906<ref name="greatest year">{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Greatest Year for Railroad Construction: Building in Territory Tributary to Portland During 1906 Breaks All Records—City Now Strategic Point in Struggle of Giants |url=https://oregonnews.uoregon.edu/lccn/sn83025138/1907-01-01/ed-1/seq-20/ |page=20 |work=[[The Morning Oregonian]] |date=1 January 1907 |access-date=6 May 2019}}</ref> under the name Portland & Seattle Railway,<ref name="greatest year"/> proceeding eastward from [[Vancouver, Washington]].<ref name="schafer2003">{{Schafer-Classic-Railroads-3}}</ref> 1906 also saw the start of construction of the line between Vancouver and Portland.<ref name="greatest year"/> This railroad included the first bridge of any kind to be built across the lower [[Columbia River]]:<ref name="last bolt">"Finish Bridge Over Columbia; Steel Structure of the Spokane, Portland & Seattle Railroad {{sic}} Completed—Last Bolt In Yesterday". (June 26, 1908). ''[[The Oregonian|The Morning Oregonian]]'' (Portland), p. 11.</ref> the bridge now known as the [[Burlington Northern Railroad Bridge 9.6|BNSF Railway Bridge 9.6]], in Vancouver.
[[Image:OregonTrunkRailBridge1.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Oregon Trunk Rail Bridge]]

Within a year, and despite legal challenges from Harriman, who wished to block its construction, the line had been built as far as [[Pasco, Washington]], along the Columbia River, where there was a connection with Northern Pacific lines. The first section to open was from Pasco west through Wishram to cliffs (near [[Maryhill, Washington|Maryhill]]), a length of {{convert|112|mi}}, on December 15, 1907.<ref name=history-6nov1908>[http://oregonnews.uoregon.edu/lccn/sn83025138/1908-11-06/ed-1/seq-12/ "History of North Bank Road"]. (November 6, 1908). ''The Morning Oregonian'', p. 12.</ref> Operation was extended west to [[Lyle, Washington|Lyle]], for a total of {{convert|145|mi}}, on January 15, 1908, as construction continued on the {{convert|56|mi|adj=on}} section from there to Vancouver.<ref name=history-6nov1908/>

The town of Wishram (then known as Fallbridge) was fortuitously situated at a location which made bridging the Columbia River relatively easy. It was possible to construct a bridge that had piers resting on normally exposed basalt rock above the waterfall during low water periods such that during periods of high water, when this stretch of the Columbia River became raging rapids, the piers supported a bridge spanning the entire flood. This bridge over Celilo Falls became known as the [[Oregon Trunk Rail Bridge]] or the fallbridge. The location of this bridge also allowed construction of rail through the [[Deschutes River (Oregon)|Deschutes River]] canyon, allowing access to eastern Oregon's high desert plateau and the eastern side of the [[Cascade Range]].<ref name="schafer2003" />

As a result, the SP&S was extended southward from Wishram toward [[Bend, Oregon]]. Hill and Harriman engaged in a head-to-head battle up the Deschutes grade, with intense competition for any advantageous routing. After the competition reached what has been described as ridiculous levels, Hariman died in 1909 and an agreement was reached that the extension was to be jointly operated with a [[Union Pacific]] subsidiary, the Oregon-Washington Railway & Navigation. This southern extension relied upon the Oregon Trunk Rail Bridge&nbsp;– the "fall bridge"&nbsp;– constructed just downstream of Wishram at the waterfall on the Columbia.<ref name="schafer2003"/> James J. Hill inaugurated this route, driving a golden spike in Bend in 1912. Fallbridge served as a passenger terminal, roundhouse and freight switch yard for traffic into Bend. Recognizing its central location, a 300-ton automatic coaling station was erected for the Spokane, Portland & Seattle Railroad at Fallbridge in 1920.<ref>''Iron Age'', Volume 106, p. 1716</ref>

The name was officially changed to "Wishram" in 1926.<ref name="FWP"/> However, the name of Fallbridge continues to appear in various documents. In 1931 the official schedules for the railway used "Wishram (Fallbridge)" as the designation for the stop at Wishram.<ref>''Official Guide of the Railways and Steam Navigation Lines of the United States, Porto Rico, Canada, Mexico and Cuba'', 1931</ref> The town still appears as "Fallbridge" in 1940 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers port directories,<ref>United States. Board of Engineers for Rivers and Harbors, United States Army Corps of Engineers, Port Series: Issue 32</ref> and in 1941 in standard textbooks.<ref>''Nichols' Standard Railroad Textbook'', Railroad Textbook Co., Inc., 1941</ref>

In 1931 the SP&S line to Bend was connected via [[Klamath Falls, Oregon]], to [[Bieber, California]], providing a shortcut to connect with the [[Western Pacific Railroad]] in northern California.<ref name="schafer2003"/>