Editing Werner Heisenberg (section)

===University studies===
[[File: Heisenberg,Werner 1924 Göttingen - adjusted.jpeg|thumb|upright|left|Heisenberg in 1924|alt=]]
From 1920 to 1923, he studied physics and mathematics at the [[Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich]] under [[Arnold Sommerfeld]] and [[Wilhelm Wien]] and at the [[University of Göttingen|Georg-August University of Göttingen]] with [[Max Born]] and [[James Franck]] and mathematics with [[David Hilbert]]. He received his doctorate in 1923 at Munich under Sommerfeld.

In June 1922, Sommerfeld took Heisenberg to Göttingen to attend the [[Bohr Festival]], because Sommerfeld had a sincere interest in his students and knew of Heisenberg's interest in [[Niels Bohr]]'s theories on [[atomic physics]]. At the event, Bohr was a guest lecturer and gave a series of comprehensive lectures on quantum atomic physics and Heisenberg met Bohr for the first time, which had a lasting effect on him.<ref>{{harvnb|Cassidy|1992|pp=127, Appendix A}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Powers|1993|p=23}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|van der Waerden|1968|p=21}}</ref>

Heisenberg's [[Thesis|doctoral thesis]], the topic of which was suggested by Sommerfeld, was on [[turbulence]];<ref>{{cite journal|author=Heisenberg, W. |title=Über Stabilität und Turbulenz von Flüssigkeitsströmmen |doi=10.1002/andp.19243791502|year=1924|journal=Annalen der Physik|volume=379|issue=15|pages=577–627|bibcode = 1924AnP...379..577H }} as cited in {{harvnb|Mott|Peierls|1977|p=245}}</ref> the thesis discussed both the stability of [[laminar flow]] and the nature of [[Turbulence|turbulent flow]]. The problem of stability was investigated by the use of the [[Orr–Sommerfeld equation]], a fourth-order [[linear differential equation]] for small disturbances from laminar flow. He briefly returned to this topic after World War II.<ref name=MottPeierls77_217>{{harvnb|Mott|Peierls|1977|p=217}}</ref>

At Göttingen, under Born, he completed his [[habilitation]] in 1924 with a ''Habilitationsschrift'' (habilitation thesis) on the anomalous [[Zeeman effect]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Heisenberg|first=W.|s2cid=186215582|year=1924|title=Über eine Abänderung der formalen Regeln der Quantentheorie beim Problem der anomalen Zeeman-Effekte|journal=Z. Phys.|volume=26|issue=1|pages=291–307|bibcode=1924ZPhy...26..291H|doi=10.1007/BF01327336}} as cited in {{harvnb|Mott|Peierls|1977|p=243}}</ref><ref name=Biography>''[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1932/heisenberg-bio.html Werner Heisenberg Biography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807183130/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1932/heisenberg-bio.html |date=7 August 2011 }}'', ''Nobel Prize in Physics 1932'' Nobelprize.org.</ref><ref name=Hentschel>{{harvnb|Hentschel|Hentschel|1996|loc=Appendix F}}; see the entry for Heisenberg.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Mott|Peierls|1977|p=219}}</ref>

In his youth he was a member and Scoutleader of the ''Neupfadfinder'', a [[Scouting in Germany|German Scout association]] and part of the [[German Youth Movement]].<ref>{{cite web |last= Maringer |first= Daniel |title= Berühmte Physiker: Werner Heisenberg eine Biographie-Pfadfinderzeit |language= de |url= http://www.physik.tu-berlin.de/~dschm/lect/heislek/html/pfadfinder.html |access-date= 5 February 2009 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091018190406/http://www.physik.tu-berlin.de/~dschm/lect/heislek/html/pfadfinder.html |archive-date= 18 October 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= Heisenberg Werner |language= de |url= http://www.psfd.de/de/datenbank_mitmacher/einleitung.php,67,Heisenberg-Werner |access-date= 5 February 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110719073458/http://www.psfd.de/de/datenbank_mitmacher/einleitung.php,67,Heisenberg-Werner |archive-date= 19 July 2011 |url-status= dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Ein Leben für die Jugendbewegung und Jugendseelsorger – 100 Jahre Gottfried Simmerding |language=de |journal=Rundbrief der Regionen Donau und München |volume=2 |date=March 2005 |page=12 |publisher=Gemeinschaft Katholischer Männer und Frauen im Bund Neudeutschland-ND |url=http://www.kmf-net.de/files/muenchen/Maerz2005.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090305082134/http://www.kmf-net.de/files/muenchen/Maerz2005.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2009 }}</ref> In August 1923 Robert Honsell and Heisenberg organized a trip to Finland with a Scout group of this association from Munich.<ref>{{cite journal |author= Raum, Helmut |title= Die Pfadfinderbewegung im Freistaat Bayern Teil 53 |language= de | journal= Der Bundschuh |volume= 2 |pages= 23–24 |year= 2008 |publisher= Pfadfinderförderkreis Nordbayern e.V. |url= http://www.bdp-foerder-nord.de/Der%20Bundschuh%202.%20Quartal.pdf |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090305082138/http://www.bdp-foerder-nord.de/Der%20Bundschuh%202.%20Quartal.pdf |archive-date= 5 March 2009}}</ref>