Editing Warsaw (section)

===1300–1800===
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The first fortified settlements on the site of today's Warsaw were located in [[Bródno]] (9th/10th century) and [[Ujazdów Castle|Jazdów]] (12th/13th century).<ref name="history"/> After Jazdów was raided by nearby clans and dukes, a new fortified settlement was established on the site of a small fishing village called "Warszowa". The Prince of [[Płock]], Bolesław II of Masovia, established the modern-day city in about 1300 and the first historical document attesting to the existence of a [[castellan]]y dates to 1313.<ref name="views">{{cite book |author=Dobrosław Kobielski |title=Widoki dawnej Warszawy (Views of Old Warsaw) |year=1984 |publisher=Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza |location=Warsaw |isbn=83-03-00702-5 |language=pl}}</ref> With the completion of [[St. John's Archcathedral, Warsaw|St John's Cathedral]] in 1390, Warsaw became one of the seats of the [[Duke of Masovia|Dukes of Masovia]] and was officially made capital of the [[Duchy of Masovia|Masovian Duchy]] in 1413.<ref name="history"/> The economy then predominantly rested on craftsmanship or trade, and the town housed approximately 4,500 people at the time.

[[File:Hogenberg View of Warsaw (detail).jpg|thumb|right|A paper engraving of 16th-century Warsaw showing [[St. John's Archcathedral (Warsaw)|St. John's Archcathedral]] to the right.]]

During the 15th century, the population migrated and spread beyond the northern city wall into a newly formed self-governing precinct called [[Warsaw New Town|New Town]]. The existing older settlement became eventually known as the [[Warsaw Old Town|Old Town]]. Both possessed their own town charter and independent councils. The aim of establishing a separate district was to accommodate new incomers or "undesirables" who were not permitted to settle in Old Town, particularly [[History of the Jews in Poland|Jews]].<ref name="Davies">{{cite book |last=Davies |first=Norman |title=God's Playground |url=https://archive.org/details/godsplaygroundhi00norm_0 |url-access=registration |edition=2 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2005 |isbn=0-19-925339-0}}</ref> Social and financial disparities between the classes in the two precincts led to a minor revolt in 1525.<ref name="views"/> Following the sudden death of [[Janusz III of Masovia|Janusz III]] and the extinction of the local ducal line, Masovia was incorporated into the [[Kingdom of Poland]] in 1526.<ref name="history"/> [[Bona Sforza]], wife of [[Sigismund I of Poland]], was widely accused of poisoning the duke to uphold Polish rule over Warsaw.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://muzeumwarszawy.pl/obiekt/fragment-szaty-ksiazat-mazowieckich/ |title=Fragment szaty książąt mazowieckich |website=Muzeum Warszawy |access-date=21 June 2020 |archive-date=8 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808001447/https://muzeumwarszawy.pl/obiekt/fragment-szaty-ksiazat-mazowieckich/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://przekroj.pl/nauka/malo-czarujacy-koniec-piastow-mazowieckich-adam-weglowski |title=Mało czarujący koniec Piastów mazowieckich – Kwartalnik Przekrój |website=przekroj.pl |date=20 February 2018 |access-date=19 June 2020 |archive-date=28 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028113311/https://przekroj.pl/nauka/malo-czarujacy-koniec-piastow-mazowieckich-adam-weglowski |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1529, Warsaw for the first time became the seat of a [[Sejm of the Republic of Poland|General Sejm]] and held that privilege permanently from 1569.<ref name="history"/> The city's rising importance encouraged the construction of a new set of defenses, including the landmark [[Warsaw Barbican|Barbican]]. Renowned [[Italian architecture|Italian architects]] were brought to Warsaw to reshape the [[Royal Castle, Warsaw|Royal Castle]], the streets and the marketplace, resulting in the Old Town's early Italianate appearance. In 1573, the city gave its name to the [[Warsaw Confederation]] which formally established religious freedom in the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]]. Due to its central location between the capitals of the Commonwealth's two component parts, [[Poland]] and [[Lithuania]], which were [[Kraków]] and [[Vilnius]] respectively, Warsaw became the capital of the Commonwealth and the [[Crown of the Kingdom of Poland|Polish Crown]] when [[Sigismund III Vasa]] transferred his royal court in 1596.<ref name="history"/> In the subsequent years the town significantly expanded to the south and westwards. Several private independent districts (''[[jurydyka]]'') were the property of aristocrats and the gentry, which they ruled by their own laws. Between 1655 and 1658 the city was besieged and pillaged by the Swedish, [[Margraviate of Brandenburg|Brandenburgian]] and [[Transylvania]]n forces.<ref name="history"/><ref name=Ascheron/> The conduct of the [[Great Northern War]] (1700–1721) also forced Warsaw to pay heavy tributes to the invading armies.<ref name="timeline"/>

The reign of [[Augustus II the Strong|Augustus II]] and [[Augustus III of Poland|Augustus III]] was a time of great development for Warsaw, which turned into an early-capitalist city. The [[Saxony|Saxon]] monarchs employed many German architects, sculptors and engineers, who rebuilt the city in a style similar to [[Dresden]]. The year 1727 marked the opening of the [[Saxon Garden]] in Warsaw, the first publicly accessible park.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://zom.waw.pl/statics/static-maps/file/Ogr%c3%b3d%20Saski%20PDF_1439287908.pdf |title=Ogród Saski|language=pl|access-date=27 November 2020 |archive-date=8 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208160642/https://zom.waw.pl/statics/static-maps/file/Ogr%C3%B3d%20Saski%20PDF_1439287908.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Załuski Library]], the first Polish public library and the largest at the time, was founded in 1747.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://free.polbox.pl/p/psbor/eniema.htm |title=The Bygone Warsaw |date=14 March 2008 |access-date=18 November 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314193715/http://free.polbox.pl/p/psbor/eniema.htm |archive-date=14 March 2008}}</ref> [[Stanisław II Augustus]], who remodelled the interior of the [[Royal Castle, Warsaw|Royal Castle]], also made Warsaw a centre of culture and the arts.<ref name="Rozek" /><ref name="Stanley" /> He extended the [[Royal Baths Park]] and ordered the construction or refurbishment of numerous palaces, mansions and richly-decorated tenements. This earned Warsaw the nickname ''Paris of the North''.<ref name="Golna" />

[[File:Bellotto New Town Market Square.jpg|thumb|right|[[Warsaw New Town]] in 1778. Painted by [[Bernardo Bellotto]].]]

Warsaw remained the capital of the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] until 1795 when it was annexed by the [[Kingdom of Prussia]] in the third and final [[Partitions of Poland|partition of Poland]];<ref>Crowley, David (2003). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=E4cM2Hf8KYsC&pg=PA10 Warsaw]''. London: Reaktion Books. p.&nbsp;10.</ref> it subsequently became the capital of the province of [[South Prussia]]. During this time, [[Louis XVIII of France]] spent his exile in Warsaw under the pseudonym ''Comte de Lille''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sobieszczański |first=Franciszek Maksymilian |date=1974 |title=Rys historyczno-statystyczny wzrostu i stanu miasta Warszawy |location=Warsaw|publisher=Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy |pages=131, 452–453 |oclc=1163562236 |language=pl}}</ref>