Editing Vowel harmony (section)

==Features of vowel harmony==

Vowel harmony often involves dimensions such as:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Rose & Walker (2011)<ref name="Blackwell">{{cite book |author1=Rose, S. |author2=Walker, R. |editor1=J. Goldsmith |editor2=J. Riggle |editor3=A. Yu |chapter=Harmony Systems. |title=Handbook of Phonological Theory (2nd ed.) |publisher=Blackwell |date=2011}}</ref>!! Ko (2018)<ref>{{cite book |last=Ko |first=S. |title=Tongue Root Harmony and Vowel Contrast in Northeast Asian Languages |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz |date=2018 }}</ref><ref>Ko, S., Joseph, A., & Whitman, J. (2014). Comparative consequences of the tongue root harmony analysis for proto-Tungusic, proto-Mongolic, and proto-Korean. In M. Robbeets & W. Bisang (Eds.). ''Paradigm Change: In the Transeurasian languages and beyond'' (pp. 141-176). Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins.</ref><ref>Ko, S. (2011). Vowel contrast and vowel harmony shift in the Mongolic languages. ''Language Research, 47''(1), 23-43.</ref>!! Dimension !! Value
|-
| Backness Harmony || Palatal harmony || [[Vowel backness]] || back or front
|-
| Round Harmony || Labial harmony || [[Roundedness]] || rounded or unrounded
|-
| Height Harmony || Height harmony || [[Vowel height]] || high or low
|-
| Tongue Root Harmony || Tongue root harmony || [[Advanced and retracted tongue root]] || advanced or retracted
|}

* [[Nasalization]]&nbsp;(i.e. oral or nasal) ''(in this case, a [[nasal consonant]] is usually the trigger)''<ref name="Blackwell"/>
* [[Rhoticity]], like in [[Yurok language|Yurok]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Yurok|url=http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~survey/languages/yurok.php|website=Survey of California and Other Indian Languages|publisher=UC Berkeley|access-date=7 January 2017|archive-date=March 1, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130301124432/http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~survey/languages/yurok.php|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Unconventional systems, like the one in [[Nez Perce language|Nez Perce]], that do not seem to be based on any obvious phonetic feature at first.{{sfn|Nelson|2013}}

In many languages, vowels can be said to belong to particular sets or classes, such as back vowels or rounded vowels. Some languages have more than one system of harmony. For instance, [[Altaic languages]] are proposed to have a rounding harmony superimposed over a backness harmony.

Even among languages with vowel harmony, not all vowels need to participate in the vowel conversions; these vowels are termed ''neutral''. Neutral vowels may be ''opaque'' and block harmonic processes or they may be ''transparent'' and not affect them.<ref name="van der Hulst1995" /> Intervening consonants are also often transparent.

Finally, languages that do have vowel harmony often allow for lexical ''disharmony'', or words with mixed sets of vowels even when an opaque neutral vowel is not involved. Van der Hulst & van de Weijer (1995) point to two such situations: polysyllabic trigger morphemes may contain non-neutral vowels from opposite harmonic sets and certain target morphemes simply fail to harmonize.<ref name="van der Hulst1995" /> Many [[loanword]]s exhibit disharmony. For example, Turkish {{lang|tr|vakit}}, ('time' [from Arabic {{Transliteration|ar|waqt}}]); *{{lang|tr|vak'''ı'''t}} would have been expected. Other examples from Finnish include ''olympialaiset'' ('Olympic games') and ''sekundäärinen'' ('secondary') which have both front and back vowels. In standard Finnish, these words are pronounced as they are spelled, but many speakers intuitively apply vowel harmony – ''ol'''u'''mpialaiset'', and ''sekund'''aa'''rinen'' or ''sek'''y'''ndäärinen''.