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===European settlement=== The first [[European Americans|Europeans]] who settled the area were [[French people|French]] colonists who built [[Fort St. Pierre Site|Fort Saint Pierre]] in 1719 on the high bluffs overlooking the Yazoo River at present-day [[Redwood, Mississippi|Redwood]]. They conducted [[fur trading]] with the Natchez and others, and started plantations. On 29 November 1729, the Natchez [[Natchez revolt|attacked]] the fort and plantations in and around the present-day city of [[Natchez, Mississippi|Natchez]]. They murdered several hundred settlers, including [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] missionary Paul Du Poisson. As was the custom, they violently took a number of women and children as captives, adopting them into their families. The Natchez War was a disaster for French Louisiana, and the colonial population of the Natchez District never recovered. Aided by the [[Choctaw]], traditional enemies of the Natchez, though, the French defeated and scattered the Natchez and their allies, the [[Yazoo tribe|Yazoo]]. The Choctaw Nation took over the area by right of conquest and inhabited it for several decades. Under pressure from the US government, the Choctaw agreed to cede nearly {{convert|2000000|acre|km2}} of land to the US under the terms of the [[Treaty of Fort Adams]] in 1801. The treaty was the first of a series that eventually led to the [[Indian Removal|removal]] of most of the Choctaw to [[Indian Territory]] west of the Mississippi River in 1830. Some Choctaw remained in Mississippi, citing article XIV of the [[Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek]]; they became citizens of the state and the United States. They struggled to maintain their culture against the pressure of the binary slave society, which classified people as only white or black. In 1790, the Spanish founded a military outpost on the site, which they called [[Fort Nogales]] (''nogales'' meaning "walnut trees"). When the Americans took possession in 1798 following the [[American Revolutionary War]] and a treaty with Spain, they changed the name to [[Walnut Hills (Mississippi)|Walnut Hills]]. The small village was incorporated in 1825 as Vicksburg, named after Newitt Vick, a [[Methodist]] [[Minister (Christianity)|minister]] who had established a Protestant mission on the site.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://ia803400.us.archive.org/9/items/picturesquevicks00chap/picturesquevicks00chap.pdf |title=Picturesque Vicksburg and the Yazoo Delta |publisher=Vicksburg Printing and Publishing Co. |year=1895 |pages=11}}</ref> [[File:Vicksburg_gambler_hanging_1835.jpg|thumb|Drawing of the hanging of five gamblers in Vicksburg in 1835]] [[File:View_of_Vicksburg,_Mississippi.jpg|right|thumb|View of Vicksburg in 1855]] The town of Vicksburg was incorporated in 1825, with a population of 3,000 people; of which approximately twenty people were [[Jewish views on slavery|Jewish]] and had immigrated from [[Bavaria]], [[Prussia]], and [[Alsace–Lorraine]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2014 |title=National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Anshe Chesed Cemetery |url=https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/5425f993-11ba-4ce7-b1ac-4039dfad9af6 |access-date=May 13, 2023 |website=National Park Service |archive-date=May 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230514053544/https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/5425f993-11ba-4ce7-b1ac-4039dfad9af6 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="vicksburgpost.com">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=August 10, 2022 |title=Looking Back: B.B. Club is but one branch of Vicksburg's Jewish roots |url=https://www.vicksburgpost.com/2022/08/10/looking-back-b-b-club-is-but-one-branch-of-vicksburgs-jewish-roots/ |access-date=May 14, 2023 |website=The Vicksburg Post |language=en |archive-date=May 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230515100037/https://www.vicksburgpost.com/2022/08/10/looking-back-b-b-club-is-but-one-branch-of-vicksburgs-jewish-roots/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1835, during the [[John Murrell (bandit)|Murrell Excitement]], a mob from Vicksburg attempted to expel the gamblers from the city, because the citizens were tired of the rougher element treating the city residents with contempt. They captured and hanged five gamblers who had shot and killed a local doctor.<ref>{{cite web |title=THE VICKSBURG FLATBOAT WAR OF 1838 AND ITS INFLUENCE ON SUBMERGED LANDS LAW IN MISSISSIPPI |url=http://masglp.olemiss.edu/Water%20Log/WL18/wlvicks.htm |access-date=June 13, 2014 |website=Masglp.olemiss.edu |archive-date=July 23, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140723233136/http://masglp.olemiss.edu/Water%20Log/WL18/wlvicks.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Historian Joshua D. Rothman calls this event "the deadliest outbreak of extralegal violence in the slave states between the [[Southampton Insurrection]] and the Civil War."<ref>{{cite book |author=Rothman, Joshua D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cZR9AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA249 |title=Flush Times and Fever Dreams: A Story of Capitalism and Slavery in the Age of Jackson |date=November 1, 2012 |publisher=[[University of Georgia Press]] |isbn=978-0-8203-3326-7 |page=249 |access-date=January 28, 2018 |archive-date=March 15, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240315050835/https://books.google.com/books?id=cZR9AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA249#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1862, fifty Jewish families formed the Hebrew Benevolent Congregation Anshe Chesed in Vicksburg, and received a charter from the state.<ref name="vicksburgpost.com"/> Two years later in 1864, the [[Anshe Chesed Cemetery]] was formed, and it was the second [[Jewish cemetery]] in the city; not much is known about the first Jewish cemetery.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Surratt |first=John |date=August 1, 2021 |title=Windows from historic Vicksburg Jewish temple up for auction |url=https://www.vicksburgpost.com/2021/08/01/windows-from-historic-vicksburg-jewish-temple-up-for-auction/ |website=The Vicksburg Post |access-date=December 12, 2023 |archive-date=December 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209090808/https://www.vicksburgpost.com/2021/08/01/windows-from-historic-vicksburg-jewish-temple-up-for-auction/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Confederate president, [[Jefferson Davis]], was based at his family plantation at [[Brierfield Plantation|Brierfield]], just south of the city.
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