Editing Vernon L. Smith (section)

===Academic work===
Smith began his work in [[experimental economics]] at [[Purdue University]]. As Smith describes it:

{{blockquote|In the Autumn semester, 1955, I taught Principles of Economics, and found it a challenge to convey basic microeconomic theory to students. Why/how could any market approximate a competitive equilibrium? I resolved that on the first day of class the following semester, I would try running a market experiment that would give the students an opportunity to experience an actual market, and me the opportunity to observe one in which I knew, but they did not know what were the alleged driving conditions of supply and demand in that market.<ref name="bio">{{Nobelprize|accessdate=2020-10-22}}</ref>}}

In framing the experiment, Smith varied certain institutional parameters seen in the first classroom economics experiments as conducted by [[Edward Chamberlin]]: in particular, he ran the experiments for several trading periods, to give the student subjects time to train.<ref name="miller2002">{{cite book | author = Ross Miller | title = Paving Wall Street: Experimental Economics and the Quest for the Perfect Market | pages = [https://archive.org/details/pavingwallstreet00mill/page/73 73–74] | publisher = John Wiley & Sons | location = New York | year = 2002 | isbn = 978-0-471-12198-5 | title-link = Paving Wall Street }}</ref>

At Caltech, [[Charles Plott]] encouraged Smith to formalize the methodology of experimental economics, which he did in two articles. In 1976, "Experimental Economics: Induced Value Theory" was published in the ''American Economic Review'' (AER).<ref>Smith 1976</ref> It was the first articulation of the principle behind economic experiments. Six years later, these principles were expanded in "Microeconomic Systems as an Experimental Science," also in the AER. This paper adapts the principles of [[mechanism design]], a microeconomic system developed by [[Leonid Hurwicz]], to the development of economic experiments. In Hurwicz's formulation, a microeconomic system consists of an economic environment, an economic institution (or economic mechanism), and an economic outcome. The economic environment is simply the preferences of the people in the economy and the production capabilities of the firms in the economy. The key insight in this formulation is that the economic outcome can be affected by the economic institution. The mechanism design provides a formal means for tests of the performance of an economic institution, and [[experimental economics]], as developed by Smith, provided a means for formal empirical assessment of the performance of economic institutions. The second main contribution of the paper is to the technique of induced values, the method used in controlled laboratory experiments in economics, political science, and psychology, which allows experimental economists to create a replica of a market in a laboratory. Subjects in an experiment are told that they can produce a "commodity" at a cost and then sell it to buyers. The seller earns the difference between the price received and its cost. Buyers are told that the commodity has a value to them when they consume it, and they earn the difference between the value of the commodity to them and its price. Using the technique, Smith and his coauthors have examined the performance of alternative trading mechanisms in resource allocation.<ref>Smith 1982</ref>

In February 2011, Smith participated in the "Visiting Scholars Series" at the Nicholas Academic Centers in [[Santa Ana, California]], conducted in collaboration with Chapman University. Smith and his colleague [[Bart Wilson]] conducted experiments designed to expose high school students from underserved neighborhoods to market dynamics and how concepts such as altruism influence economic behavior.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mickadeit|first1=Frank|title=Nobelist gives teens Econ 101 lesson|url=http://www.ocregister.com/2011/01/30/nobelist-gives-teens-econ-101-lesson/|access-date=2017-10-21|work=[[The Orange County Register]]|date=2011-01-30|archive-date=2017-09-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910083442/http://www.ocregister.com/2011/01/30/nobelist-gives-teens-econ-101-lesson/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Smith has authored or coauthored articles and books on capital theory, [[finance]], [[natural resource economics]] and [[experimental economics]]. He was also one of the first to propose the [[combinatorial auction]] design, with Stephen J. Rassenti and Robert L. Bulfin in 1982.<ref>Rassenti, Smith, and Bulfin 1982</ref>

In January 2009, Smith signed a public petition opposing the passage of the [[American Recovery and Reinvestment Act]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://cato.org/special/stimulus09/cato_stimulus.pdf | title=Cato Institute petition against Obama 2009 stimulus plan | access-date=2018-12-12 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090203170743/http://cato.org/special/stimulus09/cato_stimulus.pdf | archive-date=2009-02-03 | url-status=dead }}</ref> In a 2010 Econ Journal Watch study, Smith was found to be one of the most active petition-signers among US economists.<ref>Hedengren, David, Daniel B. Klein, and Carrie Milton. "Economist Petitions: Ideology Revealed", ''Econ Journal Watch'' 7[3]: 288–319, Sept 2010. [http://econjwatch.org/issues/volume-7-issue-3-september-2010] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180424184930/https://econjwatch.org/issues/volume-7-issue-3-september-2010|date=2018-04-24}}</ref>

The Vernon Smith Prize for the Advancement of [[Austrian Economics]] is named after him and is sponsored by the European Center of Austrian Economics.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.coordinationproblem.org/2011/11/vernon-smith-prize-contest-information.html | title=Vernon Smith Prize Contest Information | access-date=2012-02-03 | archive-date=2012-01-22 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120122161844/http://www.coordinationproblem.org/2011/11/vernon-smith-prize-contest-information.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

Vernon Smith is renowned for his seminal contributions to the elucidation of [[spontaneous order]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Spontaneous Order |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spontaneous_order |website=Wikipedia |access-date=April 13, 2024}}</ref>{{Circular reference|date=August 2024}} within the field of economics. He posits spontaneous order as the organic emergence of structure and coherence from apparent disorder, a phenomenon ubiquitously observed in both social and economic contexts. Smith has expounded upon the notion of spontaneous order in the context of his pedagogical endeavors as well. In his instructive course titled "Spontaneous Order and the Law" at the [[Fowler School of Law, Chapman University]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.chapman.edu/law/index.aspx |website=Chapman.edu |access-date=April 13, 2024 |title=Fowler School of Law }}</ref> he illuminates how social norms and legal frameworks emerge organically through human interaction, gradually coalescing from apparent chaos into structured societal systems.

In recent years, Vernon L. Smith's research has expanded to include the study of [[Neuroeconomics]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Neuroeconomics |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroeconomics |website=Wikipedia |access-date=April 13, 2024}}</ref>{{Circular reference|date=August 2024}} as seen in [[Law & Neuroeconomics Smith (2000)]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chorvat |first1=Terrence |title=Law and Neuroeconomics |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3655300 |journal=Supreme Court Economic Review |date=2005 |volume=13 |pages=35–62 |doi=10.1086/scer.13.3655300 |jstor=3655300 |access-date=April 13, 2024}}</ref> where he integrates economic theory with neuroscience to understand decision-making processes. Vernon Smith's work in this area has led to new insights into how brain activity influences economic decisions. Additionally, he has been instrumental in promoting the use of experimental methods in economics education, advocating for a hands-on approach to learning economic concepts. Some of these contributions were used in [[Neuroeconomics Lab]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.neuroeconomicslab.org/ |website=Neuroeconomics Lab |access-date=April 13, 2024}}</ref> books published by Academic Press (2014).