Editing Veganism (section)

=== Development in the 19th century ===
[[File:Fruit lands Alcott house, 2015 2.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|alt=photograph of Fruitlands|[[Fruitlands (transcendental center)|Fruitlands]]; a short-lived vegan community established in 1844 by [[Amos Bronson Alcott]] in [[Harvard, Massachusetts]]|left]]
Vegetarianism established itself as a significant movement in 19th-century Britain and the United States.<ref>James Gregory, ''Of Victorians and Vegetarians'', I. B. Tauris, 2007. {{ISBN|978-1-84511-379-7}}</ref> A minority of vegetarians avoided animal food entirely.<ref name="MedicalTimes" /> In 1813, the poet [[Percy Bysshe Shelley]] published ''[[A Vindication of Natural Diet]]'', advocating "abstinence from animal food and spirituous liquors", and in 1815, [[William Lambe (physician)|William Lambe]], a London physician, said that his "water and vegetable diet" could cure anything from tuberculosis to acne.<ref>James C. Whorton, ''Crusaders for Fitness: The History of American Health Reformers'', Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2014, 69–70: "Word of these cures of pimples, consumption, and virtually all ailments in between was widely distributed by his several publications&nbsp;..."{{pb}}
[[Percy Bysshe Shelley]], [https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/38727 ''A Vindication of Natural Diet''], London: F. Pitman, 1884 [1813]; William Lambe, Joel Shew, [https://books.google.com/books?id=E9anzEClAaYC ''Water and Vegetable Diet''], New York: Fowler's and Wells, 1854 [London, 1815].</ref> Lambe called animal food a "habitual irritation" and argued that "milk eating and flesh-eating are but branches of a common system and they must stand or fall together".<ref>Lambe 1854, 55, 94.</ref> [[Sylvester Graham]]'s meatless Graham diet—mostly fruit, vegetables, water, and bread made at home with [[stoneground flour]]—became popular as a health remedy in the 1830s in the United States.<ref>Andrew F. Smith, ''Eating History'', New York: Columbia University Press, 2013, 29–35 (33 for popularity); Whorton 2014, 38ff.</ref> The first known vegan cookbook was [[Asenath Nicholson]]'s ''Kitchen Philosophy for Vegetarians'', published in 1849.<ref>[https://www.vegansociety.com/about-us/further-information/key-facts "Key facts"]. The Vegan Society. Retrieved 12 July 2023.</ref>

Several vegan communities were established around this time. In Massachusetts, [[Amos Bronson Alcott]], father of the novelist [[Louisa May Alcott]], opened the [[Temple School (Massachusetts)|Temple School]] in 1834 and [[Fruitlands (transcendental center)|Fruitlands]] in 1844,<ref>Hart 1995, [https://books.google.com/books?id=hvmfshZxPf0C&pg=PA14 14]; Francis, ''Fruitlands: The Alcott Family and their Search for Utopia'', 2010.</ref>{{efn|In 1838 [[William Alcott]], Amos's cousin, published ''Vegetable Diet: As Sanctioned by Medical Men and By Experience in All Ages'' (1838).<ref>William A. Alcott, [https://archive.org/details/vegetabledietas01alcogoog ''Vegetable Diet: As Sanctioned by Medical Men and By Experience in All Ages''], Boston: Marsh, Capen & Lyon, 1838; [https://archive.org/stream/vegetabledietass00alco#page/n5/mode/2up ''Vegetable Diet''], New York: Fowlers and Wells, 1851.</ref> The word ''vegetarian'' appears in the second edition but not the first.}} and in England, [[James Pierrepont Greaves]] founded the Concordium, a vegan community at [[Alcott House]] on [[Ham Common, London|Ham Common]], in 1838.<ref name="Latham1999p168">J. E. M. Latham, ''Search for a New Eden'', Madison: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1999, 168.</ref><ref>Gregory 2007, 22.</ref>