Editing Uyghurs (section)

===Origin of modern nomenclature===
{{blockquote|The Uighurs are the people whom old Russian travelers called "[[Sart]]" (a name they used for sedentary, Turkish-speaking Central Asians in general), while Western travelers called them Turki, in recognition of their language. The Chinese used to call them "Ch'an-t'ou" ('Turbaned Heads') but this term has been dropped, being considered derogatory, and the Chinese, using their own pronunciation, now called them Weiwuerh. As a matter of fact there was for centuries no 'national' name for them; people identified themselves with the oasis they came from, such as Kashgar or Turfan.|Owen Lattimore, "Return to China's Northern Frontier." ''The Geographical Journal'', Vol. 139, No. 2, June 1973<ref>Lattimore (1973), p. 237.</ref>}}

The term "Uyghur" was not used to refer to a specific existing ethnicity in the 19th century: it referred to an 'ancient people'. A late-19th-century encyclopedia entitled ''The Cyclopædia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia'' said "the Uigur are the most ancient of Turkish tribes and formerly inhabited a part of Chinese Tartary (Xinjiang), now occupied by a mixed population of Turk, Mongol and [[Kalmuck]]".<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/stream/cyclopdiaindiaa02balfgoog#page/n922/mode/2up|title=The Cyclopædia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia: Commercial, Industrial and Scientific, Products of the Mineral, Vegetable, and Animal Kingdoms, Useful Arts and Manufactures |author=Edward Balfour|author-link=Edward Balfour|year=1885|publisher=[[B. Quaritch]] |edition=3rd |location=London |page=952 |access-date=28 June 2010}} (Original from Harvard University)</ref> Before 1921/1934,{{Clarify|reason=confusing dates for readers new to subject|date=August 2020}} Western writers called the Turkic-speaking Muslims of the oases "Turki" and the Turkic Muslims who had migrated from the Tarim Basin to [[Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture|Ili]], [[Ürümqi]] and [[Dzungaria]] in the northern portion of Xinjiang during the Qing dynasty were known as "[[Taranchi]]", meaning "farmer". The Russians and other foreigners referred to them as "Sart",<ref name="Benson1998" /> "Turk" or "Turki".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cF4lMj8skvoC&pg=PA50 |title=Community matters in Xinjiang, 1880–1949: towards a historical anthropology of the Uyghur |author=Ildikó Bellér-Hann |year=2008 |publisher=BRILL |edition=Illustrated |page=50 |isbn=978-90-04-16675-2 |access-date=28 June 2010}}</ref>{{NoteTag|name=turki}} In the early 20th century they identified themselves by different names to different peoples and in response to different inquiries: they called themselves Sarts in front of Kazakhs and Kyrgyz while they called themselves "Chantou" if asked about their identity after first identifying as a Muslim.<ref>{{cite book |author=Ondřej Klimeš|title=Struggle by the Pen: The Uyghur Discourse of Nation and National Interest, c.1900–1949|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rdcuBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA93|date=8 January 2015|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-28809-6|pages=93–|access-date=28 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109075916/https://books.google.com/books?id=rdcuBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA93&lpg=PA93|archive-date=9 January 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="brophy"/> The term "Chantou" ({{lang-zh|t=纏頭|p=Chántóu|labels=no}}, meaning "Turban Head") was used to refer to the Turkic Muslims of [[Altishahr]] (now [[Southern Xinjiang]]),<ref>{{cite book|author=Ondřej Klimeš|title=Struggle by the Pen: The Uyghur Discourse of Nation and National Interest, c.1900–1949|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rdcuBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA83|date=8 January 2015|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-28809-6|pages=83–|access-date=28 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109092431/https://books.google.com/books?id=rdcuBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA83&lpg=PA83|archive-date=9 January 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Ondřej Klimeš|title=Struggle by the Pen: The Uyghur Discourse of Nation and National Interest, c.1900–1949|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rdcuBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA135|date=8 January 2015|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-28809-6|pages=135–|access-date=28 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109081135/https://books.google.com/books?id=rdcuBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA135&lpg=PA135|archive-date=9 January 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> including by Hui (Tungan) people.<ref name="Forbes1986">{{cite book|author=Andrew D. W. Forbes|title=Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: A Political History of Republican Sinkiang 1911–1949|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA307|date=9 October 1986|publisher=CUP Archive|isbn=978-0-521-25514-1|pages=307–|access-date=28 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822112718/https://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA307|archive-date=22 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> These groups of peoples often identify themselves by their originating oasis instead of an ethnicity;<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DMU8Ue0HECcC|title=Oasis identities: Uyghur nationalism along China's Silk Road|author=Justin Jon Rudelson|year=1997|publisher=Columbia University Press|edition=illustrated|isbn=978-0-231-10787-7|access-date=28 June 2010}}</ref> for example those from [[Kashgar]] may refer to themselves as Kashgarliq or [[Kashgari]], while those from [[Hotan]] identity themselves as "Hotani".<ref name="brophy">{{cite journal|last=Brophy|first =David|date= 2005 |title=Taranchis, Kashgaris, and the 'uyghur Question' in Soviet Central Asia|journal= Inner Asia |volume=7 |issue=2 |publisher=BRILL |page=170 |jstor=23615693|doi =10.1163/146481705793646892}}</ref><ref name="kim">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AtduqAtBzegC&pg=PA68|title=Holy war in China: the Muslim rebellion and state in Chinese Central Asia, 1864–1877|author=Ho-dong Kim|year=2004|publisher=Stanford University Press|edition=illustrated|page=68|isbn=978-0-8047-4884-1|access-date=28 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615185520/http://books.google.com/books?id=AtduqAtBzegC&pg=PA68&dq|archive-date=15 June 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Other Central Asians once called all the inhabitants of Xinjiang's Southern oases Kashgari,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Brophy|first =David|date= 2005 |title=Taranchis, Kashgaris, and the 'uyghur Question' in Soviet Central Asia|journal= Inner Asia |volume=7 |issue=2 |publisher=BRILL |page= 166 |jstor= 23615693|doi =10.1163/146481705793646892}}</ref> a term still used in some regions of Pakistan.<ref name="tribune">{{cite news |last=Mir |first=Shabbir |date=21 May 2015 |title=Displaced dreams: Uighur families have no place to call home in G-B |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/889640/displaced-dreams-uighur-families-have-no-place-to-call-home-in-g-b/ |newspaper=The Express Tribune |location=GILGIT |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150522000502/http://tribune.com.pk/story/889640/displaced-dreams-uighur-families-have-no-place-to-call-home-in-g-b/ |archive-date=22 May 2015 }}</ref> The Turkic people also used "Musulman", which means "Muslim", to describe themselves.<ref name="kim" /><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7OtwAAAAMAAJ |title=war in China: the Muslim rebellion and state in Chinese Central Asia, 1864–1877|author=Ho-dong Kim|year=2004|publisher=Stanford University Press|edition=illustrated |page=3|isbn=978-0-8047-4884-1|access-date=28 June 2010}}</ref>{{sfn|Millward|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8FVsWq31MtMC&pg=PA93 93]}}

[[File:Central Asian Buddhist Monks.jpeg|thumb|A possible [[Tocharians|Tocharian]] or [[Sogdia]]n monk (left) with an East Asian Buddhist monk (right). A fresco from the [[Bezeklik Thousand Buddha Caves]], dated to the 9th or 10th century ([[Kara-Khoja Kingdom]]).]]
Rian Thum explored the concepts of identity among the ancestors of the modern Uyghurs in [[Altishahr]] (the native Uyghur name for Eastern Turkestan or Southern Xinjiang) before the adoption of the name "Uyghur" in the 1930s, referring to them by the name "Altishahri" in his article ''Modular History: Identity Maintenance before Uyghur Nationalism''. Thum indicated that Altishahri Turkis did have a sense that they were a distinctive group separate from the Turkic Andijanis to their west, the nomadic Turkic Kirghiz, the nomadic Mongol Qalmaq and the Han Chinese [[Khitan people|Khitay]] before they became known as Uyghurs. There was no single name used for their identity; various native names Altishahris used for identify were Altishahrlik (Altishahr person), yerlik (local), Turki and Musulmān (Muslim); the term Musulmān in this situation did not signify religious connotations, because the Altishahris exclude other Muslim peoples like the Kirghiz while identifying themselves as Musulmān.<ref name=Thum2012/><ref name="Thum2014">{{cite book|author=Rian Thum|title=The Sacred Routes of Uyghur History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QqOmBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA149|date=13 October 2014|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-96702-1|pages=149–|access-date=21 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109085622/https://books.google.com/books?id=QqOmBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA149|archive-date=9 January 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Dr. Laura J Newby says the sedentary Altishahri Turkic people considered themselves separate from other Turkic Muslims since at least the 19th century.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Empire And the Khanate: A Political History of Qing Relations With Khoqand c.1760–1860 |first=L. J. |last=Newby |volume=16 |series=Brill's Inner Asian Library |edition=illustrated |year=2005 |publisher=BRILL |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KTmO416hNQ8C&pg=PA2 |page=2 |isbn=978-9004145504 |access-date=10 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101193741/https://books.google.com/books?id=KTmO416hNQ8C&pg=PA2 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The name "Uyghur" reappeared after the [[Soviet Union]] took the 9th-century [[ethnonym]] from the [[Uyghur Khaganate]], then reapplied it to all non-nomadic Turkic Muslims of Xinjiang.<ref name="Beller-Hann" /> It followed western European [[Orientalism|orientalists]] like [[Julius Klaproth]] in the 19th century who revived the name and spread the use of the term to local Turkic intellectuals<ref>{{cite journal|pages=169–170 |last=Brophy|first= David|year= 2005|title= Taranchis, Kashgaris, and the 'uyghur Question' in Soviet Central Asia (Inner Asia 7 (2))|journal=Inner Asia|volume=7|issue=2|publisher= BRILL: 163–84.|jstor=23615693|doi=10.1163/146481705793646892}}</ref> and a 19th-century proposal from Russian historians that modern-day Uyghurs were descended from the [[Kingdom of Qocho]] and [[Kara-Khanid Khanate]] formed after the dissolution of the Uyghur Khaganate.<ref name="Millward">{{harvnb |Millward|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8FVsWq31MtMC&pg=PA208 208]}}</ref> Historians generally agree that the adoption of the term "Uyghur" is based on a decision from a 1921 conference in [[Tashkent]], attended by Turkic Muslims from the Tarim Basin (Xinjiang).<ref name="Beller-Hann">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NKCU3BdeBbEC&pg=PA32 |title=Situating the Uyghurs between China and Central Asia|author=Ildikó Bellér-Hann |year=2007|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd|isbn=978-0-7546-7041-4|page=32|access-date=30 July 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.eastwestcenter.org/fileadmin/stored/pdfs/PS015.pdf|title=The Xinjiang conflict: Uyghur identity, language policy, and political discourse|author1=Arienne M. Dwyer|author2=East-West Center Washington|year=2005|publisher=East-West Center Washington|edition=illustrated|page=75, note 26|isbn=978-1-932728-28-6|access-date=28 June 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100524134646/http://www.eastwestcenter.org/fileadmin/stored/pdfs/PS015.pdf|archive-date=24 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ibBzE0GpXfkC&pg=PA206 |title=The modern Uzbeks: from the fourteenth century to the present : a cultural history|author=Edward Allworth|year=1990|publisher=Hoover Press|edition=illustrated |page=206|isbn=978-0-8179-8732-9|access-date=28 June 2010}}</ref><ref name="Akiner2013">{{cite book|author=Akiner|title=Cultural Change & Continuity In|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=udjWAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA72|date=28 October 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-15034-0|pages=72–|access-date=1 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109092753/https://books.google.com/books?id=udjWAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA72|archive-date=9 January 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> There, "Uyghur" was chosen by them as the name of their ethnicity, although they themselves note that they were not to be confused with the [[Uyghur Khaganate]] of medieval history.<ref name="Benson1998">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iNct0NqCP8gC&pg=PA20|title=The Ili Rebellion: the Moslem challenge to Chinese authority in Xinjiang, 1944–1949 |author=Linda Benson |year=1990|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|page=30|isbn=978-0-87332-509-7|access-date=28 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Linda Benson|title=The Ili Rebellion: The Moslem Challenge to Chinese Authority in Xinjiang, 1944-1949|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=suuXIhetjZcC&pg=PA30|year=1990|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|isbn=978-0-87332-509-7|pages=30–|access-date=13 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101193741/https://books.google.com/books?id=suuXIhetjZcC&pg=PA30|archive-date=1 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> According to Linda Benson, the Soviets and their client [[Sheng Shicai]] intended to foster a Uyghur nationality to divide the Muslim population of Xinjiang, whereas the various Turkic Muslim peoples preferred to identify themselves as "Turki", "East Turkestani" or "Muslim".<ref name="Benson1998"/>

On the other hand, the ruling regime of China at that time, the [[Kuomintang]], grouped all Muslims, including the Turkic-speaking people of Xinjiang, into the "[[Five Races Under One Union|Hui nationality]]".<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nhkweJozrS0C&pg=PA171 |title=A nation-state by construction: dynamics of modern Chinese nationalism|author=Suisheng Zhao |year=2004|publisher=Stanford University Press|edition=illustrated|page=171|isbn=978-0-8047-5001-1|access-date=12 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YujNjFgTuGMC&pg=PA416 |title=The Other Taiwan: 1945 to the present|author=Murray A. Rubinstein|year=1994|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|page=416|isbn=978-1-56324-193-2 |access-date=28 June 2010}}</ref> The [[Qing dynasty]] and the Kuomintang generally referred to the sedentary oasis-dwelling Turkic Muslims of Xinjiang as "turban-headed Hui" to differentiate them from other predominantly Muslim ethnicities in China.<ref name="Benson1998" /><ref>{{cite book |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=CKc5AQAAIAAJ&q=salar+hui |title=Asia: journal of the American Asiatic Association, Volume 40 |author=American Asiatic Association|year=1940|publisher=Asia Pub. Co.|page=660|access-date=8 May 2011}}</ref>{{NoteTag|This contrasts to the [[Hui people]], called Huihui or "Hui" (Muslim) by the Chinese and the [[Salar people]], called "Sala Hui" (Salar Muslims) by the Chinese. Use of the term "Chan Tou Hui" was considered a demeaning slur.<ref>{{citation |last=Garnaut |first=Anthony |date=2008 |contribution=From Yunnan to Xinjiang:Governor Yang Zengxin and his Dungan Generals |contribution-url = http://www.ouigour.fr/recherches_et_analyses/Garnautpage_93.pdf |title=Pacific and Asian History |publisher=Australian National University |page=95 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309054654/http://www.ouigour.fr/recherches_et_analyses/Garnautpage_93.pdf |archive-date=9 March 2012 }}</ref>}} In the 1930s, foreigners travelers in Xinjiang such as [[George W. Hunter (missionary)|George W. Hunter]], [[Peter Fleming (writer)|Peter Fleming]], [[Ella Maillart]] and [[Sven Hedin]], referred to the Turkic Muslims of the region as "Turki" in their books. Use of the term Uyghur was unknown in Xinjiang until 1934. The area governor, [[Sheng Shicai]], came to power, adopting the Soviet ethnographic classification instead of the Kuomintang's and became the first to promulgate the official use of the term "Uyghur" to describe the Turkic Muslims of Xinjiang.<ref name="Benson1998" /><ref name="Millward" /><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BqkAgpmI91UC&q=uyghur+soviet+1921+tashkent&pg=PA92|title=China and antiterrorism|author=Simon Shen|year=2007|publisher=Nova Publishers|isbn=978-1-60021-344-1|page=92 |access-date=28 June 2010}}</ref> "Uyghur" replaced "rag-head".<ref>{{cite book|author=Ondřej Klimeš|title=Struggle by the Pen: The Uyghur Discourse of Nation and National Interest, c.1900-1949|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rdcuBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA154|date=8 January 2015|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-28809-6|pages=154–|access-date=28 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109080341/https://books.google.com/books?id=rdcuBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA154&lpg=PA154|archive-date=9 January 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

Sheng Shicai's introduction of the "Uighur" name for the Turkic people of Xinjiang was criticized and rejected by Turki intellectuals such as Pan-Turkist [[Jadid]]s and [[East Turkestan independence movement|East Turkestan independence]] activists [[Muhammad Amin Bughra]] (Mehmet Emin) and [[Masud Sabri]]. They demanded the names "Türk" or "Türki" be used instead as the ethnonyms for their people. Masud Sabri viewed the [[Hui people]] as Muslim [[Han Chinese]] and separate from his people,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qz3vdkxBt4AC&pg=PA181|title=Exploring Nationalisms of China: Themes and Conflicts|first1=C. X. George|last1=Wei|first2=Xiaoyuan|last2=Liu|date=29 June 2002|publisher=Greenwood Press|via=Google Books|access-date=19 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101193741/https://books.google.com/books?id=qz3vdkxBt4AC&pg=PA181|archive-date=1 January 2016|url-status=live|isbn=9780313315121}}</ref> while Bughrain criticized Sheng for his designation of Turkic Muslims into different ethnicities which could sow disunion among Turkic Muslims.{{sfn|Millward|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8FVsWq31MtMC&pg=PA209 209]}}<ref>{{cite book|author=Linda Benson|title=The Ili Rebellion: The Moslem Challenge to Chinese Authority in Xinjiang, 1944–1949|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=suuXIhetjZcC&pg=PA31|year=1990|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|isbn=978-0-87332-509-7|pages=31–|access-date=13 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101193741/https://books.google.com/books?id=suuXIhetjZcC&pg=PA31|archive-date=1 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> After the Communist victory, the [[Chinese Communist Party]] under Chairman [[Mao Zedong]] continued the Soviet classification, using the term "Uyghur" to describe the modern ethnicity.<ref name="Benson1998" />

In current usage, ''Uyghur'' refers to settled Turkic-speaking urban dwellers and farmers of the [[Tarim Basin]] and [[Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture|Ili]] who follow traditional Central Asian sedentary practices, as distinguished from nomadic Turkic populations in Central Asia. However, Chinese government agents{{Clarify|reason=what does "agents" mean here?|date=August 2020}} designate as "Uyghur" certain peoples with significantly divergent histories and ancestries from the main group. These include the Lopliks of [[Ruoqiang County]] and the [[Dolan people]], thought to be closer to the [[Oirats|Oirat Mongols]] and the [[Kyrgyz people|Kyrgyz]].<ref name="Dis">{{Cite book|title=Dislocating China: Reflections on Muslims, Minorities, and Other Subaltern Subjects|first=Dru|last=Gladney|publisher=C. Hurst|year=2004|page=195}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Singing the Village: Music, Memory, and Ritual Among the Sibe of Xinjiang|first=Rachel|last=Harris|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2004|pages=53, 216}}</ref> The use of the term Uyghur led to anachronisms when describing the history of the people.<ref name="ReedRaschke2010">{{cite book|author1=J. Todd Reed|author2=Diana Raschke|title=The ETIM: China's Islamic Militants and the Global Terrorist Threat|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5I2b_hrJO8sC&q=anachoristic+uyghur&pg=PA7|year=2010|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-36540-9|pages=7–}}</ref> In one of his books, the term Uyghur was deliberately not used by James Millward.<ref name="Levey2006">{{cite book|author=Benjamin S. Levey|title=Education in Xinjiang, 1884-1928|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AzEeAQAAMAAJ|year=2006|publisher=Indiana University|page=12|access-date=22 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109032158/https://books.google.com/books?id=AzEeAQAAMAAJ|archive-date=9 January 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

Another ethnicity, the [[Yugur|Western Yugur]] of [[Gansu]], identify themselves as the "Yellow Uyghur" (''Sarïq Uyghur'').<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MT2D_0_eBPQC&pg=PA178 |title=Oasis identities: Uyghur nationalism along China's Silk Road|author1=Justin Ben-Adam Rudelson |author2=Justin Jon Rudelson |year=1997|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-10786-0|page=178|access-date=31 October 2010}}</ref> Some scholars say the Yugurs' culture, language and religion are closer to the original culture of the original Uyghur Karakorum state than is the culture of the modern Uyghur people of Xinjiang.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=icZJJN0wYPcC&pg=PA275 |author=Dru C. Gladney|title=China inside out: contemporary Chinese nationalism and transnationalism|editor1=Pál Nyíri |editor2=Joana Breidenbach |year=2005|publisher=Central European University Press|edition=illustrated|isbn=978-963-7326-14-1|page=275|access-date=31 October 2010}}</ref> Linguist and ethnographer S. Robert Ramsey argues for inclusion of both the Eastern and Western Yugur and the [[Salar people|Salar]] as sub-groups of the Uyghur based on similar historical roots for the Yugur and on perceived linguistic similarities for the Salar.<ref>{{cite book |last= Ramsey |first= S. Robert |title= The Languages of China |publisher= Princeton University Press |year= 1987 |location= Princeton |pages= 185–6}}</ref>

"''Turkistani''{{-"}} is used as an alternate ethnonym by some Uyghurs.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Joscelyn |first1=Thomas |date=21 April 2009 |title=The Uighurs, in their words |newspaper=[[FDD's Long War Journal]] |url=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2009/04/the_uighurs_in_their.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151022232510/http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2009/04/the_uighurs_in_their.php |archive-date=22 October 2015}}</ref> For example, the Uyghur diaspora in Arabia, adopted the identity "''Turkistani''". Some Uyghurs in Saudi Arabia adopted the Arabic [[Nisba (onomastics)#Nisba to a place|nisba]] of their home city, such as "''Al-[[Kashgari]]''" from [[Kashgar]]. Saudi-born Uyghur [[Hamza Kashgari]]'s family originated from Kashgar.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Balci |first=Bayram |date=1 January 2007 |title=Central Asian refugees in Saudi Arabia: religious evolution and contributing to the reislamization of their motherland |journal=Refugee Survey Quarterly |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=12–21 |doi=10.1093/rsq/hdi0223}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first=Bayram |last=Balci |url=https://cess.memberclicks.net/assets/cesr2/CESR3/article%203%20v3n1.pdf |access-date=30 August 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304045534/https://cess.memberclicks.net/assets/cesr2/CESR3/article%203%20v3n1.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |title=The Role of the Pilgrimage in Relations between Uzbekistan and the Uzbek Community of Saudi Arabia |journal=Central Eurasian Studies Review |volume=3 |issue=1 |date=Winter 2004 |page=18}}</ref>